Abaculi baseMelika. Izingcweti eziyisi-7 ezimangaze umhlaba

Abaculi baseMelika bahlukene kakhulu. Umuntu othile wayengumuntu ocacile, njengoSargent. UngowaseMelika ngemvelaphi, kodwa usehlale eLondon naseParis cishe yonke impilo yakhe yabantu abadala.

Kukhona nabaseMelika bangempela phakathi kwabo, abaveze impilo yabantu bakubo kuphela, njengoRockwell.

Futhi kukhona abaculi abaphuma kulo mhlaba, njengoPollock. Noma labo ubuciko babo buye baba umkhiqizo womphakathi wabathengi. Lokhu, kunjalo, kumayelana neWarhol.

Nokho, bonke bangamaMelika. Othanda inkululeko, onesibindi, okhanyayo. Funda ngeziyisikhombisa zazo ngezansi.

1. UJames Whistler (1834-1903)

U-Whistler akakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi umMelika wangempela. Lapho ekhula, wayehlala eYurophu. Futhi wachitha ebuntwaneni bakhe nhlobo ... eRussia. Uyise wakha ujantshi eSt.

Yilapho umfana uJames athandana nobuciko, evakashela iHermitage nePeterhof ngenxa yokuxhumana kukayise (khona-ke base beyizigodlo ezivaliwe emphakathini).

Kungani uWhistler edumile? Kunoma isiphi isitayela asipendayo, kusukela kokwangempela kuye ku-tonalism*, angabonakala ngokushesha ngezici ezimbili. Imibala engajwayelekile namagama omculo.

Ezinye zezithombe zakhe zilingisa ongcweti bakudala. Njengokuthi, isibonelo, isithombe sakhe esidumile "Umama Womculi".

Umdwebi udale umsebenzi omangalisayo esebenzisa imibala esukela kokumpunga okukhanyayo ukuya kokumpunga okumnyama. Futhi ezinye eziphuzi.

Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi uWhistler wayeyithanda imibala enjalo. Wayengumuntu ongavamile. Wayengabonakala kalula emphakathini emasokisi aphuzi kanye nesambulela esikhanyayo. Futhi kulapho amadoda ayegqoka khona okumnyama nokumpunga kuphela.

Ubuye abe nemisebenzi elula kakhulu kuno "Mama". Ngokwesibonelo, Symphony in White. Ngakho isithombe sibizwe ngenye yezintatheli embukisweni. UWhistler uwuthandile lo mbono. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, wabiza cishe yonke imisebenzi yakhe ngendlela yomculo.

Kodwa-ke, ngo-1862, umphakathi awuzange uyithande i-Symphony. Futhi, ngenxa yezinhlelo zemibala ezingavamile zika-Whistler. Kwabaxaka abantu ukubhala owesifazane ogqoke ezimhlophe endaweni emhlophe.

Esithombeni sibona unkosikazi kaWhistler onezinwele ezibomvu. Impela emoyeni wama-Pre-Raphaelites. Phela, khona-ke umculi waba umngane nomunye wabaqalisi abakhulu be-Pre-Raphaelism, uGabriel Rossetti. Ubuhle, iminduze, izakhi ezingavamile (isikhumba sempisi). Konke kunjengoba kufanele kube.

Kodwa u-Whistler wasuka ngokushesha ku-Pre-Raphaelism. Njengoba kwakungebona ubuhle bangaphandle okwakubalulekile kuye, kodwa imizwa nemizwelo. Futhi wadala isiqondiso esisha - tonalism.

Izindawo zakhe zasebusuku ngesitayela se-tonalism zibukeka njengomculo ngempela. I-monochrome, i-viscous.

U-Whistler ngokwakhe uthe amagama omculo asiza ukugxila emdwebeni ngokwawo, imigqa nombala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphandle kokucabanga ngendawo kanye nabantu ababonisiwe.

I-Tonalism, kanye nokusondela kwayo impressionism, phakathi nekhulu le-19, umphakathi nawo awuzange uhlabeke umxhwele. Ukude kakhulu namaqiniso aziwayo ngaleso sikhathi.

Kodwa u-Whistler uzoba nesikhathi sokulinda ukuqashelwa. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, umsebenzi wakhe uyobe usuthengwa ngokuzithandela.

2. UMary Cassatt (1844-1926)

UMary Cassatt wazalelwa emndenini ocebile. Wayengaphila impilo engenazinkathazo. Shada futhi ube nezingane. Kodwa wakhetha indlela ehlukile. Esezinike isifungo sokungashadi ngenxa yokudweba.

Wayengabangane naye Edgar Degas. Ifike ngoLwesithathu ama-impressionists, uthathwe phakade yile ndlela. Futhi i-"Girl in a Blue Armchair" yakhe ingumsebenzi wokuqala obonwa umphakathi.

Kodwa akekho owasithanda ngempela lesi sithombe. Ngekhulu le-19, izingane zaziboniswa njengezingelosi ezilalelayo ezihlezi, ezigoqene nezihlathi ezimibalabala. Futhi nansi ingane enesithukuthezi esicacile, ihlezi endaweni ekhululekile kakhulu.

Kodwa kwakunguMary Cassatt, ongazange abe nezingane zakhe siqu, owacishe waba ngowokuqala ukuziveza ngokwemvelo njengoba zinjalo.

Ngaleso sikhathi, uCassatt "wayenephutha" elibi. Wayengowesifazane. Wayengenakukwazi ukuya yedwa epaki ukuyopenda ngemvelo. Ikakhulukazi ukuya endaweni yokudlela lapho bekuhlangene khona abanye abaculi. Wonke amadoda! Wayesalelwe yini?

Bhala amaphathi etiye abesifazane abadabukisayo emakamelweni okuhlala aneziko zemabula namasethi etiye abizayo. Ukuphila kukalwa futhi kuyisicefe ngokungapheli.

UMary Cassatt akazange alinde ukuqashelwa. Ekuqaleni, wenqatshwa ngenxa ye-impressionism yakhe kanye nemidwebo okuthiwa yayingakaqedwa. Khona-ke, kakade ngekhulu lama-20, "yayiphelelwe yisikhathi", ngoba i-Art Nouveau yayisemfashini (Klimt) kanye neFauvism (Matisse).

Kodwa waqhubeka nesitayela sakhe kwaze kwaba sekugcineni. I-Impressionism. I-pastel ethambile. Omama abanezingane.

Ngenxa yokudweba, uCassatt wayeka ukuba ngumama. Kodwa ubufazi bakhe babubonakala ngokunembile emisebenzini ebucayi efana nethi Sleeping Child. Kuyadabukisa ukuthi umphakathi olondolozayo wake wambeka ngaphambi kokukhetha okunjalo.

3. UJohn Sargent (1856-1925)

UJohn Sargent wayeqinisekile ukuthi uzoba umdwebi wezithombe impilo yakhe yonke. Umsebenzi wawuhamba kahle. Izicukuthwane zaklelisa ukuze zimyale.

Kodwa uma umculi weqe umugqa ngokombono womphakathi. Manje kunzima kithi ukuqonda ukuthi yini engamukeleki kangaka kule ifilimu "Madame X".

Yiqiniso, enguqulweni yokuqala, i-heroine yayishiywe enye yama-bralettes. USargent "wamkhulisa", kodwa lokhu akuzange kusize icala. Ama-oda abeze.

Imaphi amanyala abonwa umphakathi? Futhi iqiniso lokuthi uSargent uveze imodeli ngokuzethemba ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhumba esishintshashintshayo kanye nendlebe ebomvana kuhle kakhulu.

Lesi sithombe, njengoba sinjalo, sithi lo wesifazane okhule ngokwedlulele ngokocansi akanqeni ukwamukela ukuqonywa amanye amadoda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushada.

Ngeshwa, ngemuva kwalesi sihlava, abantu besikhathi sakhe abazange bawubone lo msebenzi wobuciko. Ingubo emnyama, isikhumba esikhanyayo, i-dynamic pose - inhlanganisela elula engatholwa kuphela amakhosi anekhono kakhulu.

Kodwa abukho ububi ngaphandle kokuhle. USargent uthole inkululeko ngokubuyisela. Waqala ukuzama kakhulu nge-impressionism. Bhala izingane ezisezimweni eziphuthumayo. Wavela kanje umsebenzi othi "Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose".

USargent wayefuna ukuthwebula umzuzu othile wokuhwalala. Ngakho ngangisebenza imizuzu emi-2 kuphela ngosuku lapho ukukhanya kulungile. Wasebenza ehlobo nasekwindla. Futhi lapho izimbali zibuna, esikhundleni sazo wafaka ezokwenziwa.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, uSargent wangena ekunambithekeni kwenkululeko kangangokuthi waqala ukushiya ngokuphelele izithombe. Yize isithunzi sakhe sesibuyile. Waze waxosha ngendelelo elinye ikhasimende, ethi uzopenda isango lakhe ngentokozo enkulu kunobuso balo.

Abantu besikhathi samanje baphatha uSargent ngokubhuqa. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi isiphelelwe yisikhathi esikhathini sesimanjemanje. Kodwa isikhathi sibeka yonke into endaweni yayo.

Manje umsebenzi wakhe awufaneleki kancane kunomsebenzi wesimanje edume kakhulu. Hhayi-ke ngiyeke uthando lomphakathi ungasho lutho. Imibukiso ngomsebenzi wakhe ihlale ithengisiwe.

4. UNorman Rockwell (1894-1978)

Kunzima ukucabanga ngomculi odume kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe kunoNorman Rockwell. Izizukulwane eziningana zabantu baseMelika zakhulela emifanekisweni yakhe. Ukubathanda ngenhliziyo yami yonke.

Phela, uRockwell ufanekisela abantu baseMelika abavamile. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ebonisa ukuphila kwabo kusukela ohlangothini omuhle kakhulu. U-Rockwell wayengafuni ukukhombisa obaba ababi noma omama abangenandaba. Futhi ngeke uhlangane nezingane ezingajabulile naye.

Imisebenzi yakhe igcwele amahlaya, imibala enamanzi kanye nezinkulumo ezithathwe ngobuchule empilweni.

Kodwa kuyinkohliso ukuthi umsebenzi wanikezwa uRockwell kalula. Ukuze enze umdwebo owodwa, ubezoqala athathe izithombe ezifika eziyikhulu namamodeli akhe ukuze athwebule ukuthinta okufanele.

Umsebenzi kaRockwell ube nomthelela omkhulu ezingqondweni zezigidi zabantu baseMelika. Phela wayevame ukukhuluma ngosizo lwemidwebo yakhe.

NgeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, wanquma ukukhombisa ukuthi amasosha ezwe lakhe ayelwelani. Ngemva kokudala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, umdwebo othi "Freedom from Want". Ngendlela ye-Thanksgiving, lapho wonke amalungu omndeni, ondlekile futhi anelisekile, ejabulela iholide lomndeni.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-50 e- Saturday Evening Post, u-Rockwell wathuthela kumagazini i-Look yentando yeningi, lapho akwazi khona ukuveza imibono yakhe ngezindaba zomphakathi.

Umsebenzi ogqamile waleyo minyaka uthi “Inkinga Esiphila Nayo”.

Lena indaba eyiqiniso yentombazane emnyama eyafunda esikoleni sabamhlophe. Njengoba kwashaywa umthetho wokuthi abantu (kanye nezikhungo zemfundo) bangabe besahlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga.

Kodwa intukuthelo yabakhileyo yayingenamingcele. Endleleni eya esikoleni, intombazane yayigadwe ngamaphoyisa. Nasi isikhathi "esijwayelekile" esinjalo futhi sibonise u-Rockwell.

Uma ufuna ukwazi impilo yabantu baseMelika ngokukhanya okuhlotshiswe kancane (njengoba bona babefuna ukukubona), qiniseka ukuthi ubheka imidwebo kaRockwell.

Mhlawumbe, kubo bonke abadwebi abavezwe kulesi sihloko, u-Rockwell ungumdwebi waseMelika kakhulu.

5. Andrew Wyeth (1917-2009)

Ngokungafani no-Rockwell, u-Wyeth wayengenalo ithemba. Njengoba eyinqaba ngokwemvelo, akazange afune ukuhlobisa lutho. Kunalokho, wabonisa izindawo ezivamile nezinto ezingaphawuleki. Insimu kakolweni nje, indlu yamapulangwe nje. Kodwa wakwazi nokubuka okuthile okuwumlingo kuzo.

Umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu nguChristina's World. U-Wyeth ukhombise isiphetho sowesifazane oyedwa, umakhelwane wakhe. Njengoba ekhubazekile kusukela ebuntwaneni, wayegaqa ezungeza ipulazi lakhe.

Ngakho-ke akukho lutho oluthandanayo kulesi sithombe, njengoba kungase kubonakale ekuqaleni. Uma ubhekisisa, khona-ke owesifazane unomzimba omncane obuhlungu. Futhi ukwazi ukuthi imilenze ye-heroine ikhubazekile, uyaqonda ngokudabuka ukuthi usekude kangakanani nasekhaya.

Uma uthi nhlá, u-Wyeth wabhala okungavamile kakhulu. Nali ifasitela elidala lendlu endala. Ikhethini elishabalalayo eselivele seliqalile ukuphenduka libe yizicucu. Ngaphandle kwefasitela kuba mnyama ihlathi.

Kodwa kukhona imfihlakalo kukho konke lokhu. Okunye ukubukeka.

Ngakho-ke izingane ziyakwazi ukubuka umhlaba ngokubukeka okungacwayizi. Kanjalo noWyatt. Futhi sinaye.

Zonke izindaba zikaWyeth zaziphethwe umkakhe. Ubengumhleli omuhle. Nguye owathinta iminyuziyamu nabaqoqi.

Kwakukhona uthando oluncane ebudlelwaneni babo. Umculo bekumele uvele. Futhi waba elula, kodwa ngokubukeka okungavamile Helga. Yilokhu esikubona emisebenzini eminingi.

Kubukeka sengathi sibona isithombe sowesifazane kuphela. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, kunzima ukugqashula kukho. Amehlo akhe ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, amahlombe akhe aqinile. Kunjengokungathi sidonsa kanzima ngaphakathi kuye. Ukuzabalaza ukuthola incazelo yalokhu kushuba.

Ebonisa iqiniso kuyo yonke imininingwane, u-Wyeth wamnika imizwelo engakwazi ukushiya engenandaba.

Umculi akazange abonwe isikhathi eside. Ngobuqiniso bakhe, nakuba beyimilingo, akazange ahambisane nemikhuba yesimanje yekhulu lama-20.

Lapho abasebenzi basemnyuziyamu bethenga imisebenzi yakhe, bazama ukuyenza ngokuthula, ngaphandle kokuheha ukunaka. Imibukiso yayingavamile ukuhlelwa. Kodwa umona wabesimanje, bebelokhu beyimpumelelo emangazayo. Abantu beza ngobuningi. Futhi basafika.

Funda mayelana nomculi onesihloko Umhlaba kaChristine. Ubuciko bobuciko buka-Andrew Wyeth."

6. UJackson Pollock (1912-1956)

UJackson Pollock akunakwenzeka ukuziba. Weqa umugqa othile kwezobuciko, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ukudweba kwakungeke kufane. Wabonisa ukuthi kwezobuciko, ngokuvamile, ungenza ngaphandle kwemingcele. Lapho ngiwubeka phansi ukhanvasi ngiwufafaze ngopende.

Futhi lo mculi waseMelika waqala nge-abstractionism, lapho okungokomfanekiso kusengalandelwa khona. Emsebenzini wakhe we-40 "I-Shorthand Figure" sibona imidwebo yobuso nezandla. Futhi kuyaqondakala kithi izimpawu ngendlela yeziphambano no-zero.

Umsebenzi wakhe wawunconywa, kodwa babengajahile ukuthenga. Wayehlupheka okwegundane lesonto. Futhi wayephuza ngokungenamahloni. Naphezu komshado ojabulisayo. Umkakhe wayelithanda ikhono lakhe futhi wenza konke ukuze umyeni wakhe aphumelele.

Kodwa uPollock ekuqaleni wayengumuntu ophukile. Kusukela ebusheni bakhe, kwakusobala ngezenzo zakhe ukuthi ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwakuyisiphetho sakhe.

Lokhu kuphuka ngenxa yalokho kuzoholela ekufeni kwakhe eneminyaka engu-44. Kodwa uzoba nesikhathi sokwenza uguquko kwezobuciko futhi adume.

Futhi wakwenza enkathini yeminyaka emibili yokuthobeka. Wakwazi ukusebenza kahle ngo-1950-1952. Wazama isikhathi eside waze wafika endleleni yokudonsa.

Ebeka iseyili esikhulu phansi kweshede lakhe, wahamba ezungeza, enjengokungathi, esithombeni ngokwaso. Futhi ufafazwe noma uvele uthele ngopende.

Le midwebo engavamile yaqala ukuthengwa kuye ngokuzithandela ngenxa yemvelaphi yayo emangalisayo kanye nentsha.

U-Pollock wamangala ngenxa yodumo futhi wawela ekucindezelekeni, engaqondi ukuthi kufanele ahambe kuphi. Ingxube ebulalayo yotshwala nokucindezeleka kwamshiya engenalo ithuba lokusinda. Wake wangena ngemuva kwesondo edakwe kakhulu. Isikhathi sokugcina.

7. U-Andy Warhol (1928-1987)

Kuphela ezweni elinenkolo enjalo yokusetshenziswa, njengaseMelika, ubuciko be-pop obungazalwa. Futhi umqalisi wayo oyinhloko, vele, u-Andy Warhol.

Waduma ngokuthatha izinto ezijwayelekile wazenza umsebenzi wobuciko. Yilokho okwenzeka ethini lesobho likaCampbell.

Ukukhetha akubanga ngengozi. Umama kaWarhol wondla indodana yakhe le sobho nsuku zonke iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Ngisho nalapho ethuthela eNew York futhi wahamba nomama wakhe.

Ngemuva kwalokhu kuhlolwa, u-Warhol waba nentshisekelo yokuphrinta isikrini. Kusukela lapho, uthathe izithombe zezihlabani ze-pop wazipenda ngemibala ehlukene.

Yile ndlela umdwebo wakhe odumile u-Marilyn Monroe avela ngayo.

Izinkulungwane zemibala enjalo ye-Marilyn acid yakhiqizwa. I-Art Warhol yasungulwa. Njengoba kulindelekile emphakathini wabathengi.

Ubuso obupendiwe basungulwa nguWarhol ngesizathu. Futhi futhi, hhayi ngaphandle kwethonya likamama. Eseyingane, ngesikhathi indodana yakhe igula isikhathi eside, wayihudulela amaphakethe ezincwadi ezinemibala.

Le nto yokuzilibazisa yobuntwana yakhula yaba yinto eyaba yikhadi lakhe lokushaya futhi yamenza waceba ngendlela emangalisayo.

Akazange apende izinkanyezi ze-pop kuphela, kodwa futhi nemisebenzi yobuciko yabanduleli bakhe. Ngiyitholile futhi "Venus" Botticelli.

UVenus, njengoMarilyn, wenze okuningi. Ukuhluka komsebenzi wobuciko "kusulwa" ngu-Warhol kube yimpushana. Kungani umculi enze lokhu?

Ukuze wandise ubuciko obudala obudala? Noma, ngokuphambene, zama ukuzehlisa? Ukuze ungafi izihlabani ze-pop? Noma ununge ukufa ngokubhuqa?

Imisebenzi yakhe ependiwe kaMadonna, u-Elvis Presley noma uLenin ngezinye izikhathi ibonakala kakhulu kunezithombe zokuqala.

Kodwa imisebenzi yobuciko cishe ayinakusibekela. Noma kunjalo, i-primordial "Venus" ihlala iyigugu.

U-Warhol wayengumuntu othanda ukuya ephathini, eheha abantu abaningi ababexoshwa. Imilutha yezidakamizwa, abalingisi abahlulekile noma abantu abangalinganiseli nje. Omunye owake wamdubula.

UWarhol wasinda. Kodwa eminyakeni engu-20 kamuva, ngenxa yemiphumela yesilonda ake wasithola, washona yedwa endlini yakhe.

Ibhodwe elincibilikayo lase-US

Naphezu komlando omfushane wobuciko baseMelika, ububanzi bubanzi. Phakathi kwamaciko aseMelika kukhona ama-Impressionists (Sargent), nama-realists emilingo (Wyeth), nama-abstract expressionists (Pollock), namaphayona obuciko be-pop (Warhol).

Yebo, abantu baseMelika bathanda inkululeko yokuzikhethela kukho konke. Amakhulu amahlelo. Amakhulu ezizwe. Amakhulu ezinkomba zobuciko. Kungakho eyibhodwe elincibilikayo lase-United States of America.

* I-Tonalism - i-monochrome landscape ye-gray, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma i-brown shades, lapho isithombe sinjengenkungu. I-Tonalism ibhekwa njengehlumela le-impressionism, njengoba idlulisela umbono womdwebi walokho akubonayo.

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Amazwana abanye abafundi bona ngezansi. Zivame ukungezwa kahle esihlokweni. Ungakwazi futhi ukwabelana ngombono wakho mayelana nomdwebo kanye nomdwebi, futhi ubuze umbhali umbuzo.

Inguqulo yesiNgisi yesihloko