Abaculi beRenaissance. Izingcweti ezi-6 ezinhle zase-Italy
Okuqukethwe:
Kuze kube sekupheleni, asibazi ubuchwepheshe bendlela ye-sfumato. Nokho, kulula ukuyichaza ngesibonelo semisebenzi yomqambi wayo uLeonardo da Vinci. Lokhu ukuguquka okuthambile kakhulu kusuka ekukhanyeni kuya ethunzini esikhundleni semigqa ecacile. Ngenxa yalokhu, isithombe somuntu siba sikhulu futhi siphile. Indlela ye-sfumato yasetshenziswa ngokugcwele yinkosi esithombeni sikaMona Lisa.
Funda ngakho esihlokweni esithi “ULeonardo da Vinci noMona Lisa wakhe. Imfihlakalo ye-Gioconda, okushiwo okuncane ngayo.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunendaba, isiphetho, imfihlakalo.”
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I-Renaissance (I-Renaissance). Italy. Ikhulu le-XV-XVI. ekuqaleni capitalism. Izwe libuswa osomabhange abacebile. Banentshisekelo kwezobuciko nesayensi.
Abacebile nabanamandla babuthela abanamakhono nabahlakaniphile eduze kwabo. Izimbongi, izazi zefilosofi, abadwebi nabaqophi banezingxoxo zansuku zonke nabaxhasi babo. Ngesinye isikhathi, kwakubonakala sengathi abantu babebuswa izazi, njengoba uPlato wayefuna.
Khumbula amaRoma namaGreki asendulo. Bakha futhi umphakathi wezakhamuzi ezikhululekile, lapho inani eliyinhloko lingumuntu (ngaphandle kokubala izigqila, kunjalo).
I-Renaissance ayikona nje ukukopisha ubuciko bempucuko yasendulo. Lokhu kuyingxube. I-Mythology kanye nobuKristu. Ubuqiniso bemvelo nobuqotho bezithombe. Ubuhle ngokomzimba nangokomoya.
Kwaba ukuphazima nje. Isikhathi se-High Renaissance cishe iminyaka engama-30! Kusukela ngo-1490 kuya ku-1527 Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuqhakaza kobuciko bukaLeonardo. Ngaphambi kwesaka laseRoma.
Usizi lwezwe elikahle lwashabalala ngokushesha. I-Italy yayintekenteke kakhulu. Ngokushesha wagqilazwa omunye umashiqela.
Nokho, le minyaka engu-30 yanquma izici eziyinhloko zomdwebo waseYurophu iminyaka engu-500 ezayo! Kuya ku ama-impressionists.
Ukuba ngokoqobo kwesithombe. I-Anthropocentrism (lapho inkaba yomhlaba inguMuntu). Ukubuka komugqa. Opende bamafutha. Ukuma ngobude. Indawo...
Ngokumangalisayo, kule minyaka engama-30, amakhosi amaningana ahlakaniphile asebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kwezinye izikhathi bazalwa bebodwa eminyakeni eyi-1000.
ULeonardo, uMichelangelo, uRaphael noTitian bangamaqhawe eRenaissance. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuthi singakhulumi ngabanduleli babo ababili: uGiotto noMasaccio. Ngaphandle kwalokho bekungeke kube khona iRenaissance.
1. UGiotto (1267-1337).
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Kuso sonke isithombe kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo”
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Ikhulu le-XIV. I-Proto-Renaissance. Umlingiswa wayo oyinhloko nguGiotto. Lona umpetha owaguqula ubuciko eyedwa ngesandla esisodwa. Iminyaka engu-200 ngaphambi kwe-High Renaissance. Ukube bekungeyena, inkathi isintu esiziqhenya ngayo ibingeke ifike.
Ngaphambi kweGiotto kwakukhona izithonjana namafrescoes. Zadalwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho yaseByzantium. Ubuso esikhundleni sobuso. izibalo eziyisicaba. Ukungafani kokulinganisa. Esikhundleni se-landscape - isizinda segolide. Njengesibonelo, kulesi sithonjana.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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Futhi kungazelelwe kuvela amafrescoes kaGiotto. Banezibalo ezinkulu. Ubuso babantu abahloniphekile. Abadala nabancane. Kuyadabukisa. Ukulila. Emangele. Okuhlukile.
AmaFrescoes kaGiotto eScrovegni Church ePadua (1302-1305). Kwesokunxele: Isililo sikaKristu. Maphakathi: Kiss of Judas (imininingwane). Kwesokudla: Ukumenyezelwa kwe-St. Anne (umama kaMary), isiqeshana.
Indalo eyinhloko kaGiotto umjikelezo wezithombe zakhe eziseScrovegni Chapel ePadua. Lapho leli sonto livulelwa amakholwa, izixuku zabantu zazitheleka kulo. Abakaze bakubone lokhu.
Phela uGiotto wenza into engakaze ibonwe. Wahumushela izindaba zeBhayibheli olimini olulula noluqondakalayo. Futhi sebefinyeleleke kakhulu kubantu abajwayelekile.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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Yilokhu okuzoba yisici samakhosi amaningi we-Renaissance. I-Laconism yezithombe. Imizwa ephilayo yabalingisi. Ongokoqobo.
Funda kabanzi mayelana namafresco enkosi esihlokweni “Giotto. Phakathi kwesithonjana kanye nokuba ngokoqobo kweRenaissance”.
U-Giotto wayethandwa. Kodwa ukuqamba kwakhe okusha akuzange kuthuthukiswe. Imfashini ye-gothic yamazwe ngamazwe yafika e-Italy.
Kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyi-100 kuzovela umlandeli ofanelekayo weGiotto.
2. Masaccio (1401-1428).
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Okubizwa ngokuthi i-Early Renaissance. Kungena omunye umsunguli endaweni yesigameko.
UMasaccio ube yiciko lokuqala ukusebenzisa indlela yomugqa. Yaklanywa umngane wakhe, umakhi uBrunelleschi. Manje umhlaba osesithombeni usufana newangempela. Ukwakhiwa kwamathoyizi yinto yesikhathi esidlule.
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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Wamukela ubuqiniso bukaGiotto. Nokho, ngokungafani nomanduleli wakhe, wayeseyazi kahle i-anatomy.
Esikhundleni sezinhlamvu ze-blocky, i-Giotto ingabantu abakhiwe kahle. NjengamaGreki asendulo.
I-fresco iyashiwo esihlokweni esithi "Ama-Frescoes kaGiotto. Phakathi kwesithonjana kanye nokuba ngokoqobo kweRenaissance”.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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UMasaccio uphinde wengeza ukuvezwa hhayi kuphela ebusweni, kodwa nasemzimbeni. Sesivele siyifunda imizwa yabantu ngokuma nokuthinta komzimba. Njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuphelelwa yithemba kwabesilisa kuka-Adamu kanye nehlazo lesifazane lika-Eva ku-fresco yakhe edume kakhulu.
I-fresco iyashiwo esihlokweni esithi "Ama-Frescoes kaGiotto. Phakathi kwesithonjana kanye nokuba ngokoqobo kweRenaissance”.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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UMasaccio waphila ukuphila okufushane. Washona njengoyise kungazelelwe. Eminyakeni engu-27.
Nokho, wayenabalandeli abaningi. Izingcweti zezizukulwane ezilandelayo zaya e-Brancacci Chapel ukuyofunda kumafresco akhe.
Ngakho-ke ukusungulwa kweMasaccio kwathathwa yibo bonke abaculi abakhulu be-High Renaissance.
Funda nge-fresco yenkosi esihlokweni esithi "Ukuxoshwa EPharadesi" nguMasaccio. Kungani lona kuwumsebenzi wobuciko?
3. ULeonardo da Vinci (1452-1519).
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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ULeonardo da Vinci ungomunye wama-titans we-Renaissance. Waba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni komdwebo.
Kwakungu-da Vinci owaphakamisa isimo somculi ngokwakhe. Ngenxa yakhe, abameleli balo msebenzi abasekho nje izingcweti. Laba ngabadali nezicukuthwane zomoya.
ULeonardo wenza inqubekelaphambili ngokuyinhloko ku-portraiture.
Wayekholelwa ukuthi akukho lutho okufanele luphazamise isithombe esiyinhloko. Iso akufanele lizulazule lisuka kweminye imininingwane liye kwenye. Zavela kanje izithombe zakhe ezidumile. Kafushane. Kuyavumelana.
Funda ngakho esihlokweni esithi “ULeonardo da Vinci noMona Lisa wakhe. Imfihlakalo ye-Gioconda, okushiwo okuncane ngayo.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunendaba, isiphetho, imfihlakalo.”
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Ukuqamba okusha okuyinhloko kukaLeonardo ukuthi uthole indlela yokwenza izithombe ... ziphile.
Ngaphambi kwakhe, abalingiswa bezithombe babebukeka njengama-mannequins. Imigqa yayicacile. Yonke imininingwane idwetshwe ngokucophelela. Umdwebo opendiwe awunakuphila.
ULeonardo wasungula indlela ye-sfumato. Wafiphalisa imigqa. Wenze uguquko olusuka ekukhanyeni luye ethunzini lwathamba kakhulu. Izinhlamvu zakhe zibonakala zimbozwe inkungu engabonakali. Abalingiswa baphila.
Bheka impendulo esihlokweni esithi “ULeonardo da Vinci noMona Lisa wakhe. Imfihlakalo ye-Gioconda, okushiwo okuncane ngayo.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunendaba, isiphetho, imfihlakalo.”
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I-Sfumato izofaka isilulumagama esisebenzayo sabo bonke abaculi abakhulu besikhathi esizayo.
Ngokuvamile kunombono wokuthi uLeonardo, yiqiniso, uhlakaniphile, kodwa wayengazi ukuthi angaletha kanjani noma yini ekupheleni. Futhi wayevame ukungaqedi ukudweba. Futhi amaphrojekthi akhe amaningi ahlala ephepheni (ngendlela, emiqulu engama-24). Ngokuvamile, waphonswa kwezokwelapha, wabe esengena emculweni. Ngisho nobuciko bokukhonza ngesikhathi esisodwa babuthanda.
Nokho, zicabangele wena. Imidwebo engu-19 - futhi ungumdwebi omkhulu kunazo zonke izikhathi nabantu. Futhi othile akasondeli ngisho nasebuhleni, ngenkathi ebhala ama-canvases angu-6000 empilweni yonke. Ngokusobala, ubani onokusebenza kahle okuphezulu.
Funda ngomdwebo odume kakhulu wenkosi esihlokweni UMona Lisa nguLeonardo da Vinci. Imfihlakalo yeMona Lisa, okukhulunywa ngayo kancane”.
4. UMichelangelo (1475-1564).
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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UMichelangelo wayezibheka njengomqophi wezithombe. Kodwa wayeyinkosi yendawo yonke. Njengabanye ozakwabo beRenaissance. Ngakho-ke, ifa lakhe elingokomfanekiso likhulu kakhulu.
Ubonakala ikakhulukazi ngabalingiswa abathuthuke ngokomzimba. Wafanekisela umuntu ophelele ubuhle obungokomzimba busho ubuhle obungokomoya.
Ngakho-ke, zonke izinhlamvu zakhe zinemisipha, ziqinile. Ngisho nezalukazi nezalukazi.
Michelangelo. Izingcezu Zokwahlulela Kokugcina fresco eSistine Chapel, eVatican.
Ngokuvamile uMichelangelo wayependa umlingiswa enqunu. Bese ngengeza izingubo phezulu. Ukwenza umzimba ugcizelelwe ngangokunokwenzeka.
Wapenda usilingi weSistine Chapel yedwa. Nakuba lokhu kuyizibalo ezingamakhulu ambalwa! Akazange avumele muntu ukuthi ahlikihle upende. Yebo, wayengenabudlelwane. Wayenobuntu obuqinile futhi obuxabanayo. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayenganelisekile ... ngokwakhe.
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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UMichelangelo waphila impilo ende. Wasinda ekuwohlokeni kweRenaissance. Kuye kwaba inhlekelele yomuntu siqu. Imisebenzi yakhe yakamuva igcwele ukudabuka nokudabuka.
Ngokuvamile, indlela yokudala kaMichelangelo ihlukile. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ingudumo lweqhawe lomuntu. Ekhululekile futhi enesibindi. Emasikweni amahle kakhulu aseGrisi Yasendulo. NjengoDavide wakhe.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila - lezi yizithombe ezibuhlungu. Itshe eliqoshwe ngamabomu. Njengokungathi phambi kwethu kukhona izikhumbuzo zezisulu ze-fascism zekhulu lama-XNUMX. Bheka "uPieta" wakhe.
Izithombe zikaMichelangelo e-Academy of Fine Arts eFlorence. Kwesobunxele: UDavid. 1504 Kwesokudla: UPieta wasePalestrina. 1555
Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu? Umdwebi oyedwa udlule kuzo zonke izigaba zobuciko kusukela kuMvuselelo kuya ekhulwini lama-XNUMX empilweni eyodwa. Zizokwenzani izizukulwane ezilandelayo? Hamba ngendlela yakho. Ukwazi ukuthi ibha ibekwe phezulu kakhulu.
5. URaphael (1483-1520).
Funda ngoRaphael esihlokweni esithi “I-Renaissance. Izingcweti ezi-6 ezinhle zase-Italy ”.
Funda mayelana noMadonnas wakhe odume kakhulu esihlokweni esithi “Madonnas by Raphael. 5 ubuso obuhle kakhulu.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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U-Raphael akakaze akhohlwe. Ubuhlakani bakhe babuqashelwa njalo: phakathi nokuphila nangemva kokufa.
Abalingiswa bakhe bahlonishwe ngobuhle obuhehayo, bezingoma. Bekungeyakhe Amadonnas zibhekwa ngokufanelekile njengezithombe zabesifazane ezinhle kakhulu ezake zadalwa. Ubuhle bangaphandle bubonisa ubuhle obungokomoya bamaqhawekazi. Ubumnene babo. Umhlatshelo wabo.
Funda ngomdwebo ezihlokweni
The Sistine Madonna by Raphael. Kungani lona kuwumsebenzi wobuciko?
Raphael's Madonnas. 5 ubuso obuhle kakhulu.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunendaba, isiphetho, imfihlakalo.”
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Amagama adumile "Ubuhle buzosindisa umhlaba," uFyodor Dostoevsky washo ngokuqondile Sistine Madonna. Bekuyisithombe sakhe asithanda kakhulu.
Nokho, izithombe ezivusa inkanuko akuzona kuphela iphuzu eliqinile likaRaphael. Wacabangisisa ngokuqanjwa kwemidwebo yakhe. Wayengumdwebi ongenakuqhathaniswa kwezokudweba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayehlala ethola isisombululo esilula futhi esivumelana kakhulu enhlanganweni yesikhala. Kubonakala sengathi ngeke kube ngenye indlela.
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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URafael waphila iminyaka engu-37 kuphela. Washona ngokuzuma. Kusukela emakhazeni abanjwe kanye namaphutha ezokwelapha. Kodwa ifa lakhe alinakulinganiswa ngokweqile. Amaciko amaningi akhonze lo mfundisi. Futhi bandisa izithombe zakhe ezivusa inkanuko ezinkulungwaneni zamaseyili abo.
Funda ngemidwebo edume kakhulu kaRaphael esihlokweni "Izithombe zikaRaphael. Abangane, abathandi, abaxhasi.”
6. Titian (1488-1576).
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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U-Titian wayengumbala ongenakuqhathaniswa. Wabuye walinga kakhulu ngokuqamba. Ngokuvamile, wayengumsunguli onesibindi.
Ngenxa yobuhlakani obunjalo bethalente, wonke umuntu wayemthanda. Ibizwa ngokuthi "inkosi yabadwebi nomdwebi wamakhosi."
Ngikhuluma ngoTitian, ngifuna ukubeka isibabazo ngemva komusho ngamunye. Phela nguye owaletha amandla ekudwebeni. Ama-Pathos. Ukushisekela. Umbala ogqamile. Shine imibala.
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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Ngasekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, wasungula indlela engavamile yokubhala. Imivimbo iyashesha futhi iminyene. Upende wawusetshenziswa ngebhulashi noma ngeminwe. Kusukela kulokhu - izithombe ziphila nakakhulu, ziphefumula. Futhi iziqephu zinamandla kakhulu futhi ziyamangaza.
indawo ethi “Idayari Yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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Ingabe lokhu akukukhumbuzi lutho? Yebo kuyindlela. Rubens. Futhi inqubo abaculi ekhulwini XIX: Barbizon futhi ama-impressionists. U-Titian, njengoMichelangelo, uzodlula iminyaka engu-500 yokudweba empilweni eyodwa. Yingakho engungqondongqondo.
Funda ngobuciko obudumile benkosi esihlokweni "Venus of Urbino Titian. 5 amaqiniso angajwayelekile”.
Abaculi be-Renaissance bangabanikazi bolwazi olukhulu. Ukushiya ifa elinjalo, kwakudingeka ukutadisha okuningi. Emkhakheni womlando, ukubhula ngezinkanyezi, i-physics nokunye.
Ngakho-ke, isithombe sabo ngasinye sisenza sicabange. Kungani kuboniswa? Uthini umlayezo obethelwe lapha?
Cishe awalungile neze. Ngoba bawucabangisisa kahle umsebenzi wabo wesikhathi esizayo. Basebenzise yonke imithwalo yolwazi lwabo.
Babengaphezu kwabaculi. Babeyizazi zefilosofi. Basichazela umhlaba ngokudweba.
Yingakho beyohlale besithakasela ngokujulile.
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Amazwana abanye abafundi bona ngezansi. Zivame ukungezwa kahle esihlokweni. Ungakwazi futhi ukwabelana ngombono wakho mayelana nomdwebo kanye nomdwebi, futhi ubuze umbhali umbuzo.
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