I-Hieronymus Bosch Ingadi Yezinto Ezijabulisayo Zasemhlabeni. Amaphazili ama-5 athakazelisa kakhulu esithombe

I-"Garden of Earthly Delights" ka-Bosch ingumdwebo ongakholeki kakhulu weNkathi Ephakathi. Igcwele izimpawu ezingaqondakali kumuntu wesimanje. Zisho ukuthini lezi zinyoni ezinkulu namajikijolo, izilo nezilwane ezinhle? Ucashe kuphi umbhangqwana onamavila? Futhi hlobo luni lwamanothi apendwe embongolweni yesoni?

Bheka izimpendulo ezihlokweni:

Ingadi ka-Bosch Yezinjabulo Zasemhlabeni. Ithini incazelo yesithombe esihle kakhulu seNkathi Ephakathi.

"Izimfihlakalo ezingu-7 ezimangalisa kakhulu zomdwebo" Ingadi Yenjabulo Yasemhlabeni "ngoBosch."

Izimfihlakalo ezi-5 eziphezulu ze-Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights.

indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunendaba, isiphetho, imfihlakalo.”

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I-Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights (1510) ingenye yemidwebo engaqondakali kakhulu eyake yenziwa. Akavamile ukushiya noma ubani engenandaba.

Kodwa njengoba yadalwa eminyakeni engu-500 edlule, incazelo yayo ayicacile kithi. Phela, umbono wezwe wanamuhla uhluke kakhulu kowenkathi ephakathi, osekelwe enkolweni yobu-orthodox. Ngakho-ke, "rebus" kaBosch ingaxazululwa kuphela kumongo wenkathi yakhe.

Yilokhu engizozama ukukwenza ngokuphendula imibuzo emi-5 yesithombe.

1. Kungani isoni eSihogweni sifana no-Eva ePharadesi?

Ngaqaphela ukuthi owesifazane ofanayo utholakala kuwo womathathu amaphiko e-triptych. U-Eva ePharadesi ufana kakhulu nowesifazane waseNsimini Yenjabulo kanye nesinye sezoni zaseSihogweni.

UBosch wayengumuntu othanda inkolo, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi wanquma ukubonisa “indlela esuka ezulwini eya esihogweni” yesoni sokuqala ngqa eMhlabeni.

Njengoba sazi eBhayibhelini, u-Eva wadla i-apula emthini owenqatshelwe ukuze abe njengoNkulunkulu, azi okuhle nokubi. Akazange amlalele uMdali wakhe, wawela esonweni sokuqala somuntu—ukuzidla.

U-Eva waphenduka, kodwa kwase kwephuze kakhulu. Ukuxoshwa ePharadesi kwakungenakugwenywa. UNkulunkulu wayala u-Eva no-Adamu ukuba baphile ukuphila kwabo kwasemhlabeni baye esihogweni, lapho beyohlala khona iminyaka engaphezu kuka-5000 ngaphambi kokuFika.

Ensimini Yenjabulo, u-Eva akahlanganyeli kulokho okwenzekayo. Wehlisa amehlo ngokuzithoba njengoba ephenduka esonweni sakhe. Uthwele imbali esobala ekhanda. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuwuphawu lokuhlukana nokungafuni ukusho noma yini, njengoba kufanele umuntu othobekile.

Kodwa isijeziso asinakugwenywa, futhi u-Eva ugcina esihogweni. Lapha ujeziselwa ukuzidla kwakhe. Ngakho-ke, kuyodingeka abheke ukuzindla kwakhe isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuze ukuthobeka kwakhe kungapheli. Unexoxo esifubeni sakhe, okwathi ngeNkathi Ephakathi nalo laliwuphawu lwe-swagger nobuze obungenangqondo.

Esihogweni, u-Eva mhlawumbe unobuso obuthobekile ngisho nobuzolile. Phela yena ngokungafani nabanye, wayazi ukuthi uzofika lapha.

2. Abantu abanjani eNsimini yenjabulo abahlezi emgodini?

Ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla le-Garden of Delights (ingxenye emaphakathi ye-triptych) sibona abantu abathathu bebuka ngaphandle kwe-dugout. Imizimba yabo ibonakala ngokunyuka kwezinwele. Bangobani?

Ngokusobala laba ngabantu basendle. Abantu basendle babevezwe benqunu, umzimba wabo ugcwele uboya ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kobuso nentamo, izandla, izinyawo, amadolo namabele kwabesifazane.

Isihloko sabantu basendle sasiyintandokazi eNkathini Ephakathi. Izithombe zabo zivame ukutholakala kuma-tapestries nezitsha zeNkathi Ephakathi.

Kubantu abavamile, babeyizixhwanguxhwangu, bekhululekile ngokwemibandela yothando nokuphila nje jikelele. Akumangazi ukuthi uBosch wabaveza emdwebeni onikezelwe esonweni sokuzinikela. Phela, zaziwuphawu lwenkanuko nokuzijabulisa komzimba.

Ngendlela, indoda yasendle evezwe emdwebeni kaBosch ifana kakhulu nesihluku esivela ku-miniature kaJean Bourdichon (1457-1521), umdwebi wama-psalters nezincwadi zamahora zekhulu le-15-16.

Ngingacabanga ukuthi umdwebo kaBourdichon wadalwa ngaphambi kwe "Garden of Earthly Delights" futhi wathathwa nguBosch njengesisekelo sokubhala abantu bakhe basendle.

3. Kungani izilo zikaBosch, njenge "hodgepodge", ziqukethe izingxenye zezidalwa ezahlukene?

Isihogo saseBosch sigcwele izilo. Kuyini ukubaluleka idemoni elibaluleke kakhulu enobuso bomuntu, umzimba weqanda ongenalutho kanye nemilenze yesihlahla. Izilo ezincane azikho ngaphansi okuphawulekayo, njengokuthi, isibonelo, isidalwa esinekhanda lenyoni, amaphiko ovemvane kanye nezitho ezineminwe emithathu (emilenzeni-imithi yeqanda ledemoni).

Kwakuyi-axiom kubantu besikhathi sikaBosch ukuthi zonke izidalwa zadalwa ngomfanekiso nangomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu. Futhi yonke into enokubukeka okubi nokubi kuyinzalo kaDeveli.

Ngakho-ke, ukuze kugcizelele isimo sobudemoni sesidalwa ngangokunokwenzeka, waboniswa njengenhloko-leveli ngangokunokwenzeka. Futhi lokhu kwafezwa ngokunamathisela imisila yezinhlanzi konogwaja, nasezinyonini - umnenke esikhundleni sekhanda.

Uma uvula noma iyiphi incwadi yeNkathi Ephakathi, emakhasini ayo uzothola izidalwa eziningi ezingavamile-abaklami.

Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa nje:

Ngesikhathi sikaBosch, ngokuvamile kunezithombe eziningi zezilo nezidalwa ezimbi kakhulu. Ngihlangabezane nesithombe esincane esivela encwadini yokubuka yenkathi ephakathi, eyakhiwe nangaphambi kokuzalwa kuka-Bosch.

Kuso sibona isiHogo, esigcwele amadimoni. Iningi labo lisesimweni esijwayelekile - odeveli abanezimpondo nemisila. Nokho, phakathi kwabo kukhona monster ngempela emoyeni Bosch.

Kwesokunxele sibona idemoni libhoboza isoni ngentambo emithathu. Ibukeka njengempukane engenamaphiko, enophondo olulodwa noqhwaku lwenyoni.

Mhlawumbe yile midwebo eyaphefumulela uBosch ukuthi azenzele "Isihogo" sakhe.

Funda mayelana namademoni athakazelisa kakhulu eBosch avela Engadini Yezinto Ezijabulisayo Zasemhlabeni esihlokweni "Izilo ezibaluleke kakhulu zesithombe."

4. Luyini uphawu emimese emikhulu yaseSihogweni?

Esihogweni saseBosch, sibona imimese eminingi emikhulu. Ngesikhathi somculi, imimese yayingasetshenziselwa ekhishini kuphela, kodwa futhi nokujezisa amasela. Banquma izindlebe zabo. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi imimese ikhona esihogweni enezindlebe ezinkulu zokuqalisa.

Kodwa hlobo luni lophawu olukulemimese noma uhlamvu “M” noma uhlamvu “B”?

Ngekhulu le-15 nele-16, imimese yakhiqizwa edolobheni lakubo lomculi i-Hertongenbosch, nayo eyayithengiswa ngaphandle kweHolland. Ngakho-ke, zathunyelwa eSpain naseScandinavia. Lemimese yayibhalwe uphawu.

Ngakho-ke, ngingacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uhlamvu "B", njengohlamvu lokuqala lwegama elifushanisiwe lomuzi. Lesi sibonakaliso sommese sitholakala nakweminye imisebenzi kaBosch, isibonelo, emdwebeni othi "Isigwebo Sokugcina".

5. Imfihlakalo eyinhloko yomdwebo kaBosch: kungani inemininingwane eminingi?

Noma ubani oke wabona imidwebo kaBosch uhlatshwa yimininingwane eminingi emsebenzini wakhe. Baningi kakhulu okungathi kuyaphithizela nje.

UBosch wayengumculi wesikhathi sakhe futhi ngokwemvelo wanqotshwa ithonya lakhe. Futhi ngesikhathi sakhe kwakuwumkhuba ukudweba yonke imininingwane.

Kwanele ukuvula noma iyiphi incwadi kusukela ngesikhathi sikaBosch ukuze uqiniseke ngokubusa kwalesi sitayela sesithombe ngomdwebo wemininingwane eminingi.

Nanka amakhasi amabili nje avela ku-Hours of Anne of Brittany.

Imidwebo yeNkathi Ephakathi nayo yavezwa ngemininingwane emincane kakhulu. Siyaqiniseka ngalokhu ngokuhlola umsebenzi ka-Jan van Eyck noRobert Kampen. Ngabhala ngomdwebo “woSanta uBarbara” wakamuva ngokuningiliziwe esihlokweni "Imidwebo engu-7 yePrado Museum okufanele uyibone".

Umsebenzi kaBosch wawungeyona into engavamile futhi engavamile kubantu besikhathi sakhe. Futhi abanye abaculi besikhathi sakhe basebenzisa inombolo enkulu yemininingwane, izimpawu nezidalwa ezingaziwa emisebenzini yabo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uBosch wathatha okuningi kubantu besikhathi sakhe futhi wayidlulisela emidwebeni yakhe, umuntu kufanele ahloniphe ubuhlakani bakhe. Noma kunjalo, uyingcweti engenakuqhathaniswa emifanekisweni nezimfumbe, ngisho nangesikhathi sakhe.

Mayelana nomdwebo kaBosch othi "Garden of Earthly Delights" funda futhi isihloko:

 “Izimfihlakalo Eziyisi-7 Ezimangalisayo Zensimu Yezinto Ezijabulisayo Zasemhlabeni”

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Amazwana abanye abafundi bona ngezansi. Zivame ukungezwa kahle esihlokweni. Ungakwazi futhi ukwabelana ngombono wakho mayelana nomdwebo kanye nomdwebi, futhi ubuze umbhali umbuzo.