Izithombe ze-Levitan. 5 imisebenzi yobuciko yomculi-imbongi

Kuthiwa u-Isaac Levitan wayeyi-melancholic. Futhi imidwebo yakhe iveza umphefumulo womdwebi okhathazekile futhi osheshayo. Ngakho-ke umuntu angachaza kanjani inani elinjalo lemidwebo emikhulu eyenziwe ngungcweti?

Futhi ngisho noma sithatha imidwebo emincane kaLevitan, ukwazi kanjani ukugcina ukunaka kwethu? Phela, cishe abanalutho! Ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe izihlahla ezimbalwa ezincane namanzi anesibhakabhaka ezingxenyeni ezintathu kwezine zekhanvasi.

Baphinde bathi i-Levitan yakha imidwebo yezingoma, izinkondlo. Kodwa lisho ukuthini? Futhi ngokuvamile, kungani izindawo zakhe zikhumbuleka kangaka? Izihlahla nje, utshani nje...

Namuhla sikhuluma ngoLevitan, mayelana nesenzakalo sakhe. Esibonelweni semisebenzi yakhe yobuciko evelele emihlanu.

I-Birch Grove. 1885-1889

Imisebe yelanga yasehlobo ihlangana kahle nohlaza, yakhe ukhaphethi ophuzi-mhlophe-luhlaza.

Indawo engavamile yabaculi baseRussia. Akuvamile kakhulu. Impressionism yangempela. Ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi. Inkohliso ye-Air flutter. 

Ake siqhathanise umdwebo wakhe ne-Kuindzhi's Birch Grove. 

E-Kuindzhi sibona umkhathizwe ophansi. Amabhishi makhulu kangangokuthi awangeni esithombeni. Lapho umugqa uyanqoba - yonke imininingwane icacile. Futhi ngisho nezinto ezivelele kuma-birch zichazwe kahle.

Ngakho-ke, umbono ojwayelekile wemvelo ebabazekayo, eyisikhumbuzo uyadalwa.

KuLevitan, sibona umkhathizwe ophakeme, ukungabikho kwesibhakabhaka. Umugqa womdwebo uphinyiswa kancane. Ukukhanya esithombeni sakhe kuzizwa kukhululekile, kubekwe phansi nezinto eziningi ezivelele otshanini nasezihlahleni. 

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umdwebi uphinde "unqume" ama-birch ngefreyimu. Kodwa ngesizathu esihlukile. Kugxilwe phansi otshanini. Ngakho-ke, izihlahla azizange zilingane ngokuphelele.

Eqinisweni, i-Levitan inombono ophansi kakhulu wendawo. Ngakho-ke, imvelo yakhe ibukeka nsuku zonke. Ufuna ukujabulela nsuku zonke. Akukho ukuhlonishwa kwe-Kuindzhi kuyo. Kuletha injabulo elula kuphela.

Lokhu kufana kakhulu nezindawo ze-French Impressionists, ezibonisa ubuhle bemvelo yansuku zonke.

Kodwa naphezu kokufana, komunye umLevi wayehluke kakhulu kuzo.

Kubonakala sengathi isithombe wasidweba ngokushesha, njengoba kuyisiko phakathi kwama-Impressionists. Imizuzu engama-30-60, ngenkathi ilanga lidlala ngamandla futhi liyinhloko emaqabunga.

Eqinisweni, umculi wabhala umsebenzi isikhathi eside. Iminyaka emine! Waqala ukusebenza ngo-1885, endaweni yase-Istra ne-New Jerusalem. Futhi waphothula ngo-1889, kakade Plyos, endaweni birch emaphethelweni edolobheni.

Futhi kuyamangaza ukuthi isithombe, esidwetshwe ezindaweni ezahlukene ngekhefu elide kangaka, asizange silahlekelwe umuzwa wesikhathi "lapha futhi manje".

Yebo, uLevitan wayenenkumbulo emangalisayo. Wayengase abuyele emibonweni evele ikhona futhi abonakale eyivuselela ngamandla afanayo. Futhi-ke ngokusuka enhliziyweni wabe esehlanganyela nathi le mibono.

Ikwindla yegolide. 1889

I-autumn Levitan yakhanya umbala ogqame kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amafu ahamba kahle. Kodwa kancane kancane - futhi umoya uzosusa ngokushesha amaqabunga futhi iqhwa lokuqala elimanzi lizowa.

Yebo, umdwebi ukwazile ukuthwebula ikwindla phezulu kobuhle bayo.

Kodwa yini enye eyenza lo mdwebo wamaLevi ukhumbuleke kangaka?

Ake siqhathanise nomsebenzi kaPolenov esihlokweni sekwindla.

E-Polenov, sibona ama-halftones amaningi emaqabunga ekwindla. I-chord yombala we-Levitan ayimnandi. Futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - kukhanya kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Polenov ibeka ungqimba oluncane lwepende. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Levitan isebenzisa imivimbo enamathiselwe kakhulu ezindaweni, okwenza umbala ugcwale nakakhulu.

Futhi lapha sifika emfihlakalweni eyinhloko yesithombe. Umbala ogqamile, ofudumele wamahlamvu, othuthukiswe ukumbondelana okuwugqinsi kopende, uhluke ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okubanda kakhulu komfula nesibhakabhaka.

Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu, okuyinto uPolenov angenayo.

Yilokhu kuvezwa kwekwindla okusidonsayo. ULevitan wayebonakala esibonisa umphefumulo wekwindla, ofudumele futhi obandayo ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Mashi. 1895

Isibhakabhaka esikhanyayo esingenamafu. Futhi ngaphansi kwalo akulona iqhwa elimhlophe, ukukhanya kwelanga elikhanyayo kakhulu emabhodini eduze kompheme, indawo engenalutho yomgwaqo.

Yebo, uLevitan wakwazi ukudlulisa zonke izimpawu zokushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka okuseduze. Kusebusika, kodwa kuhlanganiswe nentwasahlobo.

Ake siqhathanise "March" nomdwebo kaKonstantin Korovin "Ebusika". Kuwo womabili iqhwa, ihhashi elinezinkuni, indlu. Kodwa yeka ukuthi zihluke kanjani!

I-ocher ne-blue shades ye-Levitan yenza isithombe sibe sikhulu. I-Korovin inokumpunga okuningi. Futhi umthunzi wesinaphi wezinkuni kuphela oletha imvuselelo ethile.

UKorovin unehhashi elimnyama. Yebo, futhi i-muzzle isusiwe kithi. Futhi manje sesivele sizwa ukulandelana okungapheli kwezinsuku zasebusika ezibandayo ezimnyama. Futhi sizwa injabulo yokufika kwentwasahlobo e-Levitan nakakhulu.

Kodwa hhayi kuphela lokhu okwenza isithombe "March" sikhumbuleke kakhulu.

Sicela uqaphele: it dengwane. Nokho, abantu bakhona ngokungabonakali. Umuntu usanda kushiya ihhashi nezinkuni emnyango nje kungakapheli umzuzu owodwa, wavula umnyango, wangabe esavala. Kusobala ukuthi akahambanga isikhathi eside.

ULevitan wayengathandi ukubhala abantu. Kodwa cishe njalo zazibonisa ukuba khona kwazo ndawana thize eduze. Ngo "March" ngisho nangomqondo ongokoqobo. Sibona imikhondo esuka ehhashini ibheke ehlathini.

Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi uLevitan usebenzisa le ndlela. Ngisho nothisha wakhe u-Alexei Savrasov wagcizelela ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani ukushiya uphawu lomuntu kunoma iyiphi indawo. Kulapho kuphela isithombe siphila futhi sinezingqimba eziningi.

Ngesizathu esisodwa esilula: isikebhe esiseduze nogu, indlu ekude, noma indlu yezinyoni esihlahleni yizinto ezibangela ukuhlangana. Khona-ke i-landscape iqala "ukukhuluma" mayelana nobuthakathaka bempilo, induduzo yasekhaya, isizungu noma ubunye nemvelo. 

Uke waqaphela izimpawu zokuba khona komuntu esithombeni esidlule - "I-Golden Autumn"?

Ku-whirlpool. 1892

Ngaphambi kwalokho, sibheke nawe izindawo ezinkulu ze-Levitan. Kodwa wayebuye abe neziningi ezincane. Kuhlanganisa nesithombe "E-Whirlpool".

Uma ucabangela le ndawo ethile ye-Levitan, kulula ukuzizwa udabukile, u-melancholy ngisho nokwesaba. Futhi lokhu kuyinto emangalisa kakhulu. Phela, esithombeni, empeleni, akukho okwenzekayo! Abekho abantu. Hhayi goblin ngaphezulu mermaids.

Yini eyenza le ndawo imangalisa kangaka?

Yebo, isithombe sinombala omnyama: isibhakabhaka esisibekele nehlathi elimnyama. Kodwa konke lokhu kuthuthukiswa ngokwakhiwa okukhethekile.

Kudwetshwa indlela, okunjengokungathi, imema umbukeli ukuba ahambe kuyo. Futhi manje usuvele uhamba ngokwengqondo ebhodini elinyakazayo, bese uhambisana nezingodo ezishelelayo ezisuka emswakameni, kepha akukho ukuthuka! Ungawa, kodwa ujule: ichibi liyafana.

Kodwa uma udlula, khona-ke umgwaqo uzoholela ehlathini elicinene, elimnyama. 

Ake siqhathanise "Echibini" nomdwebo othi "Ibanga Lehlathi". Lokhu kuzosisiza sizwe konke ukukhathazeka kwesithombe okukhulunywa ngaso.

Kubonakala sengathi indlela iphinde isiyengele ehlathini nasesithombeni esingakwesokunxele. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo sibheka phezulu. Sizwa umusa waleli hlathi ngokuzibophezela lisakazeka ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esiphezulu. 

Ihlathi emdwebeni "Echibini" lihluke ngokuphelele. Ubonakala efuna ukukudonsa angakuyeki. Sekukonke, ukukhathazeka...

Futhi lapha kwembulwa enye imfihlo kaLevitan, esiza ukwenza izindawo zibe izinkondlo. Umdwebo othi "Echibini" uphendula kalula lo mbuzo.

Ukukhathazeka kungavezwa ebunzini, ngosizo lomuntu ocindezelekile ngokomzwelo. Kodwa kufana ne-prose. Kodwa inkondlo izokhuluma ngokudabuka ngamasu kanye nokudalwa kwezithombe ezingajwayelekile.

Ngakho-ke isithombe sikaLevitan kuphela esinamacebiso akhethekile achazwe emininingwaneni yezwe siholela kulo muzwa ongajabulisi.

Intwasahlobo. Amanzi amakhulu. 1897

Indawo yomdwebo "Spring. Amanzi Amakhulu" anqamula imigqa yezihlahla ezincane kanye nokubonakala kwazo emanzini. Umbala ucishe ube yi-monochrome, futhi imininingwane mincane.

Naphezu kwalokhu, isithombe sibuye sibe sankondlo futhi sithinta imizwa.

Lapha sibona ikhono lokusho into eyinhloko ngamagama ambalwa, ukudlala umsebenzi omkhulu ngezintambo ezimbili, ukuveza ubuhle bemvelo encane yaseRussia ngosizo lwemibala emibili.

Ongcweti abanamakhono kakhulu kuphela abangakwenza lokhu. Kanjalo noLevitan. Wafunda ngaphansi Savrasov. Wayengowokuqala emdwebeni waseRussia owayengesabi ukukhombisa ubuncane bemvelo yaseRussia.

Ngakho-ke iyini imfihlo yokukhanga kukaLevitan "Spring"?

Konke kumayelana nokuphikiswa. Izihlahla ezincane, ezincane kakhulu - ngokumelene nezakhi ezifana nezikhukhula ezinamandla zomfula. Futhi manje kukhona umuzwa obeleselayo wokukhathazeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva, amanzi akhukhula amashede amaningana.

Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, umfula uzolile futhi ngelinye ilanga uzohlehla noma kunjalo, lesi sigameko sijikeleza futhi siyabikezela. Ukukhathazeka akuwenzi umqondo.

Lokhu, yiqiniso, akuyona injabulo emsulwa ye-Birch Grove. Kodwa hhayi ukukhathazeka okudlayo komdwebo othi "Echibini". Kufana nedrama yempilo yansuku zonke. Lapho umugqa omnyama ngokuqinisekile uthathelwa indawo emhlophe.

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Ukufingqa ngoLevitan

U-Levitan wayengeyena umuntu obonisa imibono. Yebo, futhi wasebenza emidwebeni isikhathi eside. Kodwa ngokuzithandela wasebenzisa amanye amasu ezithombe zalesi siqondiso, isibonelo, imivimbo ebanzi ye-pasty.

U-Levitan wayehlale efuna ukukhombisa okuthile okungaphezu nje kobudlelwane phakathi kokukhanya nesithunzi. Wakha izinkondlo ezingokomfanekiso.

Kunemiphumela embalwa yangaphandle emidwebeni yakhe, kodwa kukhona umphefumulo. Ngamacebo ahlukahlukene, uvusa ukuhlangana kombukeli futhi akhuthaze ukuzindla.

Futhi uLevitan wayengeyena neze umuntu onenhliziyo ebuhlungu. Phela, wayithola kanjani-ke imisebenzi emikhulu efana "Birch Grove" noma "Golden Autumn"?

Wayezwela kakhulu futhi enolwazi olubanzi kakhulu lwemizwa. Ngakho-ke, wayengajabula ngokungalawuleki futhi adabuke ngokungapheli.

Le mizwa yadabuka enhliziyweni yakhe - wayengakwazi ukubhekana nayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi ayizange ihlale. Umdwebi akazange aphile ukuze abone usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-40 emasontweni ambalwa nje ...

Kodwa akashiyanga nje izindawo ezinhle. Kuwukubonakaliswa komphefumulo wakhe. Cha, empeleni, imiphefumulo yethu.

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Amazwana abanye abafundi bona ngezansi. Zivame ukungezwa kahle esihlokweni. Ungakwazi futhi ukwabelana ngombono wakho mayelana nomdwebo kanye nomdwebi, futhi ubuze umbhali umbuzo.