Umbono womugqa emdwebeni. Izimfihlo eziyinhloko
Okuqukethwe:
Iningi lemidwebo namafresco kule minyaka engu-500 edlule idalwe ngokwemithetho yokubuka komugqa. Nguye osiza ukushintsha isikhala se-2D sibe isithombe se-3D. Lena indlela eyinhloko abaculi abakha ngayo inkohliso yokujula. Kodwa kude njalo, amakhosi alandela yonke imithetho yokwakhiwa kombono.
Ake sibheke imisebenzi yobuciko embalwa futhi sibone ukuthi amaciko akha kanjani isikhala ngombono womugqa ngezikhathi ezihlukene. Futhi kungani ngezinye izikhathi bephula eminye yemithetho yakhe.
ULeonardo da Vinci. Isidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina
Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, izimiso zombono oqondile womugqa zathuthukiswa. Uma ngaphambi kwalokho abaculi bakha indawo nge-intuitively, ngeso, khona-ke ngekhulu le-XNUMX bafunda indlela yokuyakha ngezibalo ngokunembile.
ULeonardo da Vinci ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX wayeseyazi kahle indlela yokwakha indawo endizeni. Ku-fresco yakhe ethi "The Last Supper" sibona lokhu. Imigqa yokubuka kulula ukuyidweba emigqeni yophahla kanye namakhethini. Baxhuma endaweni eyodwa yokushabalala. Ngephuzu elifanayo lidlula umugqa womkhathizwe, noma umugqa wamehlo.
Lapho umkhathizwe wangempela uboniswa esithombeni, umugqa wamehlo uvele udlule lapho kuhlangana khona izulu nomhlaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuvame ukuba sendaweni yobuso babalingiswa. Konke lokhu sikubona ku-fresco kaLeonardo.
Indawo eshabalalayo isendaweni yobuso bukaKristu. Futhi umugqa womkhathizwe udlula emehlweni akhe, kanye nasemehlweni abanye babaphostoli.
Lokhu ukwakhiwa kwencwadi yesikhala, eyakhelwe ngokwemithetho ye-DIRECT yokubuka komugqa.
Futhi lesi sikhala sigxile. Umugqa womkhathizwe kanye nomugqa oqondile odlula endaweni eshabalalayo uhlukanisa isikhala sibe izingxenye ezi-4 ezilinganayo! Lokhu kwakhiwa kwabonisa umbono wezwe wangaleyo nkathi nesifiso esinamandla sokuzwana nokulinganisela.
Kamuva, ukwakhiwa okunjalo kuzokwenzeka kancane kancane. Kubaculi, lokhu kuzobonakala kuyisixazululo esilula kakhulu. Bona bvunguza futhi uhambise umugqa oqondile ngendawo eshabalalayo. Futhi uphakamise noma wehlise umkhathizwe.
Ngisho noma sithatha ikhophi yomsebenzi kaRaphael Morgen, owadalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX-XNUMX, sizobona ukuthi wayengakwazi ... ukumelana ne-centricity enjalo futhi washintsha umugqa womkhathizwe phezulu!
Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi, ukwakha indawo efana nekaLeonardo kwaba impumelelo emangalisayo ekudwebeni. Lapho yonke into iqinisekiswa ngokunembile nangokuphelele.
Ngakho-ke ake sibone ukuthi isikhala savezwa kanjani ngaphambi kukaLeonardo. Futhi kungani "iSidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina" sakhe sabonakala sikhethekile.
i-antique fresco
Amaciko asendulo abonise indawo ngendlela enembile, esebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umbono wokubuka. Yingakho sibona amaphutha asobala. Uma sidweba imigqa yokubuka eduze kwe-facade nangaphezulu, sizothola amaphoyinti amathathu ashabalalayo kanye nemigqa emithathu yomkhathizwe.
Ngokufanelekile, yonke imigqa kufanele ihlangane endaweni eyodwa, etholakala kumugqa womkhathizwe ofanayo. Kodwa njengoba isikhala sakhiwe intuitively, ngaphandle kokwazi isisekelo sezibalo, kwavela kanjalo nje.
Kodwa awukwazi ukusho ukuthi kubuhlungu iso. Iqiniso liwukuthi wonke amaphuzu ashabalalayo akumugqa ofanayo oqondile. Isithombe sino-symmetrical, futhi izakhi zicishe zifane ezinhlangothini zombili zokuma mpo. Yilokhu okwenza i-fresco ilinganisele futhi ibe yinhle ngobuhle.
Eqinisweni, isithombe esinjalo sesikhala siseduze nombono wemvelo. Phela, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi umuntu angabuka indawo yedolobha esendaweni eyodwa, emile. Kungale ndlela kuphela lapho singabona khona ukuthi umbono womugqa wezibalo usinikeza ini.
Ngemuva kwakho konke, ungabheka indawo efanayo noma umile, noma uhlezi, noma usuka kuvulandi wendlu. Bese kuthi umugqa womkhathizwe uphansi noma uphakeme ... Yilokhu esikubona ku-fresco yakudala.
Kodwa phakathi kwe-antique fresco kanye neSidlo Sokugcina sikaLeonardo kukhona ungqimba olukhulu lobuciko. I-Iconography.
Isikhala ezithonjaneni sivezwe ngendlela ehlukile. Ngiphakamisa ukubheka "uZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele" kaRublev.
U-Andrei Rublev. UZiqu-zintathu Ongcwele.
Uma sibheka isithonjana sikaRublev esithi "Holy Trinity", sibona ngokushesha isici esisodwa. Izinto ezingaphambili AKUDWEQWE ngokuya ngemithetho yokubuka komugqa oqondile.
Uma udweba imigqa yokubuka endaweni yesokunxele, izoxhuma ngale kwesithonjana. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi REVERSE umbono womugqa. Lapho uhlangothi olukude lwento lubanzi kunalolo oluseduze nesibukeli.
Kodwa imigqa yokubuka yokuma kwesokudla ayisoze yaphambana: iyahambisana. Lona umbono womugqa we-AXONOMETRIC, lapho izinto, ikakhulukazi ezingabude kakhulu ngokujula, ziboniswa ngezinhlangothi ezihambisanayo.
Kungani uRublev ebonise izinto ngale ndlela?
I-Academician B. V. Raushenbakh kuma-80s wekhulu lama-XX wafunda izici zombono womuntu futhi wadonsela ukunaka kwesinye isici. Uma sima eduze kakhulu nento, siyibona ngokuhlehla kancane, noma-ke asiboni izinguquko zombono. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma uhlangothi lwento eseduze kakhulu nathi lubonakala luncane kunolukude, noma izinhlangothi zalo zibonakala zifana. Konke lokhu kuyasebenza nasembonweni wokuqaphela.
Ngendlela, yingakho izingane zivame ukudweba izinto ngokubheka okuphambene. Futhi babona opopayi ngesikhala esinjalo kulula! Uyabona: izinto ezivela emakhathuni aseSoviet ziboniswa ngale ndlela.
Abaculi baqagela ngokunembile ngalesi sici sombono kudala ngaphambi kokutholwa kuka-Rauschenbach.
Ngakho-ke, inkosi yekhulu le-XIX yakha indawo, kubonakala sengathi, ngokuvumelana nayo yonke imithetho yombono oqondile womugqa. Kodwa naka itshe elingaphambili. Iboniswa ngendlela ebheke emuva ekhanyayo!
Umdwebi usebenzisa imibono eqondile nehlehlayo emsebenzini owodwa. Futhi ngokuvamile, uRublev wenza okufanayo!
Uma ingaphambili lesithonjana liboniswa ngaphakathi kohlaka lombono wokubuka, khona-ke ngemuva kwesithonjana isakhiwo siboniswa ngokuvumelana nemithetho ... umbono oqondile!
Njengenkosi yasendulo, uRublev wasebenza ngendlela enembile. Ngakho-ke, kunemigqa emibili yamehlo. Sibheka amakholomu kanye nokungena ku-portico kusuka ezingeni elifanayo (umugqa weso 1). Kodwa engxenyeni yophahla lwe-portico - kusuka kwenye (umugqa weso 2). Kodwa kusewumbono oqondile.
Manje kuyashesha ukuya ekhulwini le-100. Ngalesi sikhathi, umbono womugqa wawufundwe kahle kakhulu: kwase kudlule iminyaka engaphezu kwe-XNUMX kusukela ngesikhathi sikaLeonardo. Ake sibone ukuthi yayisetshenziswa kanjani abaculi bangaleso sikhathi.
UJan Vermeer. Isifundo somculo
Kuyacaca ukuthi abaculi bekhulu le-XNUMX base bevele beyingcweti ngombono womugqa.
Bona ukuthi uhlangothi lwesokudla lomdwebo ka-Jan Vermeer (ngakwesokudla kwe-eksisi eqondile) luncane kangakanani kunesobunxele?
Uma "Isidlo Sakusihlwa Sokugcina" sikaLeonardo umugqa oqondile uphakathi nendawo, khona-ke eVermeer usuvele ushintshela kwesokudla. Ngakho-ke, umbono kaLeonardo ungabizwa ngokuthi CENTRAL, futhi Vermeer - SIDE.
Ngenxa yalomehluko, eVermeer sibona izindonga ezimbili zekamelo, kuLeonardo - ezintathu.
Eqinisweni, kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, izakhiwo bezivame ukuboniswa ngale ndlela, ngosizo lombono we-LATERAL womugqa. Ngakho-ke, amakamelo noma amahholo abukeka engokoqobo. Ubuphakathi bukaLeonardo buyivelakancane kakhulu.
Kodwa lokhu akuwona kuphela umehluko phakathi kwemibono kaLeonardo noVermeer.
Esidlweni Sakusihlwa Sokugcina, sibheka etafuleni ngqo. Azikho ezinye izingcezu zefenisha ekamelweni. Futhi uma kwakukhona isihlalo ohlangothini, siphonswe nge-engeli kithi? Ngempela, kulokhu, imigqa ethembisayo yayizoya endaweni ethile ngale kwe-fresco ...
Yebo, kunoma yiliphi igumbi, yonke into, njengomthetho, iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunekaLeonardo. Ngakho-ke, kukhona nombono we-ANGULAR.
U-Leonardo unayo PHAMBILI nje. Uphawu lwayo luyiphoyinti elilodwa nje elishabalalayo, elingaphakathi kwesithombe. Yonke imigqa yokubuka ihlangana kuyo.
Kodwa ekamelweni likaVermeer sibona isihlalo esimile. Futhi uma udweba imigqa ethembisayo eduze kwesihlalo sakhe, bazoxhuma endaweni ethile ngaphandle kwendwangu!
Futhi manje naka phansi emsebenzini kaVermeer!
Uma udweba imigqa emaceleni ezikwele, imigqa izohlangana ... nangaphandle kwesithombe. Le migqa izoba namaphoyinti ayo ashabalalayo. Kodwa! Ulayini ngamunye uzoba kulayini womkhathizwe ofanayo.
Ngakho-ke, i-Vermeer ixhumanisa umbono wangaphambili ne-angular. Futhi isihlalo siphinde siboniswe ngosizo lombono we-angular. Futhi imigqa yayo yokubuka ihlangana endaweni yokushabalala emugqeni owodwa womkhathizwe. Yeka ukuthi muhle kanjani ngokwezibalo!
Ngokuvamile, usebenzisa umugqa womkhathizwe kanye namaphoyinti ashabalalayo, kulula kakhulu ukudweba noma iyiphi iphansi ekhejini. Lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi igridi yokubuka. Kuhlala kuvela okungokoqobo futhi kusebenza ngempumelelo.
Futhi kusukela kulesi sakhiwo kulula ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuqonda ukuthi isithombe sapendwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi sikaLeonardo. Ngoba ngaphandle kokwazi ukwakha igridi yokubuka, phansi kubonakala sengathi kuhamba endaweni ethile. Ngokuvamile, akulona iqiniso kakhulu.
Manje ake sidlulele kwelandelayo, ikhulu le-XNUMX.
UJean Antoine Watteau. Ibhodi lokusayina lesitolo sikaGersin.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, umbono womugqa wafinyelela ekupheleleni. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile esibonelweni somsebenzi kaWatteau.
Indawo eklanywe kahle. Injabulo enjalo ukusebenza nayo. Yonke imigqa yokubuka ixhuma endaweni eyodwa yokushabalala.
Kodwa kunemininingwane eyodwa ethakazelisa kakhulu esithombeni ...
Naka ibhokisi elisekhoneni lesokunxele. Kuyo, isisebenzi segalari sibekela umthengi isithombe.
Uma udweba imigqa yokubuka eduze kwezinhlangothi zayo ezimbili, khona-ke bazoxhuma ku ... umugqa ohlukile wamehlo!
Ngempela, olunye uhlangothi lwayo luse-engeli ebukhali, kanti olunye lucishe lube yi-perpendicular kulayini wamehlo. Uma ukubonile lokhu, ngeke ukwazi ukuziba lokhu kuxaka.
Pho kungani umdwebi aye ekwephuleni okusobala kangaka kwemithetho yombono womugqa?
Kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Leonardo, bekwaziwa ukuthi umbono womugqa ungahlanekezela kakhulu isithombe sezinto ezingaphambili (lapho imigqa yokubuka iya endaweni eshabalalayo nge-engeli ebukhali ikakhulukazi).
Lokhu kulula ukukubona kulo mdwebo wekhulu le-XNUMX.
Izisekelo zamakholomu kwesokudla ziyizikwele (ezinezinhlangothi ezilinganayo). Kodwa ngenxa yokuthambekela okuqinile kwemigqa yegridi yokubuka, inkohliso idalwe ukuthi i-rectangular! Ngesizathu esifanayo, amakholomu, ayindilinga ngobubanzi, kwesokunxele avela ellipsoidal.
Ngokombono, iziqongo eziyindilinga zamakholomu ngakwesobunxele nazo kufanele zihlanekezelwe futhi zibe ama-ellipsoid. Kodwa umdwebi uwaveze njengeziyindilinga, esebenzisa indlela yokubuka.
Ngokunjalo, uWatteau uqhubekile nokwephulwa kwemithetho. Ukube wenze konke ngendlela efanele, ngabe ibhokisi libe lincane kakhulu ngemuva.
Ngakho-ke, abaculi babuyela embonweni wokubuka futhi bagxila ekutheni isihloko sizobukeka kanjani. Futhi ngamabomu waya kwezinye ukwephulwa kwemithetho.
Manje ake sidlulele ekhulwini le-XNUMX. Futhi kulokhu ake sibone ukuthi umculi waseRussia u-Ilya Repin uhlanganise kanjani imibono eqondile neyokubuka.
Ilya Repin. Awuzange ulinde.
Ekuboneni kokuqala, umdwebi wakha indawo ngokulandela uhlelo lwakudala. Okume mpo kuphela okushintshelwa kwesokunxele. Futhi uma ukhumbula, abaculi ngemva kwesikhathi sikaLeonardo bazama ukugwema ukugxila ngokweqile. Kulokhu, kulula "ukubeka" amaqhawe eduze kodonga olufanele.
Qaphela futhi ukuthi amakhanda abalingiswa ababili abakhulu, indodana nomama, agcina engomeni yombono. Zakhiwe ngemigqa yokubuka egijima emigqeni yosilingi ukuya endaweni yokushabalala. Lokhu kugcizelela ubuhlobo obukhethekile futhi ngisho, omunye angase athi, ubudlelwano babalingiswa.
Futhi ubone ukuthi u-Ilya Repin uyixazulula ngobuhlakani kanjani inkinga yokuhlanekezelwa kombono phansi kwesithombe. Kwesokudla, ubeka izinto eziyindilinga. Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokusungula noma yini ngamakhona, njengoba uWatteau ehlangene nebhokisi lakhe.
Futhi u-Repin wenza esinye isinyathelo esijabulisayo. Uma sidweba imigqa yokubuka eceleni kwamapulangwe aphansi, sithola into eyinqaba!
Ngeke bajoyine endaweni eyodwa yokushabalala!
Umdwebi uye ngamabomu ukuze asebenzise indlela yokubuka. Ngakho-ke, isikhala sibonakala sithakazelisa kakhulu, hhayi ngohlelo.
Futhi manje sithuthela ekhulwini lama-XNUMX. Ngicabanga ukuthi usuvele uqagela ukuthi amakhosi aleli khulu leminyaka awazange ame ikakhulukazi emcimbini nesikhala. Sizoqiniseka ngalokhu ngesibonelo somsebenzi kaMatisse.
UHenri Matisse. Ishabhu elibomvu.
Kakade uma uthi nhlá kuyacaca ukuthi u-Henri Matisse ubonise isikhala ngendlela ekhethekile. Wasuka ngokusobala ezincwadini ezingcwele ezakhiwa emuva ngeRenaissance. Yebo, bobabili u-Watteau no-Repin nabo benze okunganembile. Kodwa uMatisse waphishekela ngokucacile ezinye izinhloso.
Ngokushesha kubonakala ukuthi uMatisse ubonisa ezinye zezinto ngendlela eqondile (ithebula), kanti ezinye zihlehla (isihlalo nesifuba sabadwebi).
Kodwa izici azigcini lapho. Ake sidwebe imigqa yokubuka yetafula, isitulo kanye nesithombe odongeni lwesokunxele.
Bese sithola ngokushesha ama-horizons AMATHATHU. Omunye wabo ungaphandle kwesithombe. Kukhona futhi AMATHATHU mpo!
Kungani uMatisse enza izinto zibe nzima kangaka?
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ekuqaleni isihlalo sibukeka ngendlela engavamile. Njengokungathi sibheka umugqa ongenhla womhlane wakhe ukusuka kwesokunxele. Futhi ingxenye esele - ngakwesokudla. Bheka manje izinto ezisetafuleni.
Isitsha silala sengathi sibheke phezulu. Amapensela atshekele kancane emuva. Kodwa sibona isitsha sesitsha nengilazi eceleni.
Singaqaphela izinto ezingavamile emfanekisweni wemidwebo. Labo abalengayo babheke kithi ngqo. Njengewashi likamkhulu. Kodwa imidwebo esodongeni iboniswa kancane emaceleni, njengokungathi siyibuka ngakwesokudla kwekamelo.
Kubonakala sengathi uMatisse ubengafuni ukuthi sihlole igumbi sisendaweni eyodwa, sisuke kwelinye. Ungathi uyasihola azungeze igumbi!
Ngakho saya etafuleni, sagoba isitsha futhi sasihlola. Wazulazula esihlalweni. Sabe sesiya odongeni olukude sabuka imidwebo elengayo. Base bephonsa amehlo abo ngakwesobunxele, emisebenzini emi phansi. njll.
Kuvela ukuthi uMatisse akazange aphule umbono womugqa! Wamane waveza indawo ngama-engeli ahlukene, ezindaweni eziphakeme ezihlukene.
Vuma, kuyamangaza. Njengokungathi igumbi liyaphila, liyasimboza. Futhi umbala obomvu lapha uthuthukisa lo mphumela kuphela. Umbala usiza isikhala ukuthi sisidonsele...
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Kwenzeka kanjalo njalo. Okokuqala, imithetho iyakhiwa. Bese beqala ukuwahlephula. Amahloni ekuqaleni, bese kuba nesibindi. Kodwa lokhu akusona isiphetho ngokwako. Lokhu kusiza ukudlulisa umbono wezwe wenkathi yakhe. KuLeonardo, lesi yisifiso sokulinganisela nokuzwana. Futhi kuMatisse - ukunyakaza nomhlaba okhanyayo.
Mayelana nezimfihlo zokwakha indawo - esifundweni esithi "Diary of an Art Critic".
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Siyabonga ngokukhethekile ngosizo lokubhala lesi sihloko ku-Sergey Cherepakhin. Kwakuyikhono lakhe lokubhekana nama-nuances wokwakhiwa kombono ekudwebeni okwangikhuthaza ukuba ngidale lo mbhalo. Waba umbhali kanye naye.
Uma unentshisekelo esihlokweni sokubuka komugqa, bhalela u-Sergey (cherepahin.kd@gmail.com). Uzokujabulela ukwabelana ngezinto zakhe kulesi sihloko (kuhlanganise nemidwebo eshiwo kulesi sihloko).
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Uma isitayela sami sokwethula siseduze nawe futhi unentshisekelo yokufunda ukudweba, ngingakuthumelela umjikelezo wamahhala wezifundo ngeposi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, gcwalisa ifomu elilula kulesi sixhumanisi.
Amazwana abanye abafundi bona ngezansi. Zivame ukungezwa kahle esihlokweni. Ungakwazi futhi ukwabelana ngombono wakho mayelana nomdwebo kanye nomdwebi, futhi ubuze umbhali umbuzo.
Izifundo Zobuciko Eziku-inthanethi
isiZulu version
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Izixhumanisi zokukhiqiza kabusha:
shiya impendulo