U-Pieter Brueghel Omncane (Infernal). Umkopishi noma umculi omkhulu?

UPieter Brueghel Omncane (1564-1637/1638), noma uBruegel the Hell, waba nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komdwebo waseNetherlands ngendlela ekhethekile.

Yebo, abasunguli abasha ngabokuqala abasasele emlandweni wobuciko. Okusho ukuthi, labo abasungula amasu namasu amasha. Labo abasebenza ngendlela engakaze isebenze ngaphambi kwabo. Futhi abasunguli abanjalo basebenza ngesikhathi esifanayo noBrueghel Omncane. Lona nguRembrandt, noCaravaggio, noVelazquez.

UBrueghel Omncane wayengenjalo. Ngakho-ke, yakhohlwa amakhulu eminyaka ambalwa. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukuqaphela kwafika ngokuzumayo ukuthi inani lalo mculi lalihluke ngokuphelele ...

Esihlokweni ngizozama ukuthola impendulo yokuthi wayengubani uPieter Brueghel Omncane. Umkopishi nje noma useyinkosi enkulu?

Ukuba yiciko okungajwayelekile

U-Pieter Brueghel Omncane wayeneminyaka engu-5 lapho ubaba wakhe eshona. Ngakho-ke, akazange afunde nenkosi enkulu. Futhi nakugogo wakhe, umamezala kaPieter Brueghel Omdala, uMaria Verhulst Bessemers. Yebo, naye ubeyiciko, okuyinto engakholakali. Unenhlanhla kanjalo uPetru.

Ucezu lwekhophi yencwadi kayise ethi "Intshumayelo KaJohane Ongcwele" sibonisa uPieter Brueghel Omdala (indoda enentshebe emaphethelweni), unina (owesifazane ogqoke ingubo ebomvu ephahlwe izingalo esifubeni) kanye nogogo (a owesifazane ompunga).

Wabaguga njengokungathi babephila ngesikhathi kubhalwa ikhophi. Phela ngemvelaphi kayise basebancane ... Kwabathinta inhliziyo.

Kodwa uMaria Bessemers akazange nje afundise umfana indlela yokudweba, kodwa futhi wamnika into eyigugu kakhulu. Ukulandelela-amaphethini kababa! Ngokuzinamathisela ebhodini, kwakungenzeka ukukopisha isisombululo sokuhlanganisa nazo zonke izimo zezinto nezinto. Bekuyimayini yegolide! Futhi yingakho.

UPieter Brueghel Omdala washona esemncane, wayengakabi neminyaka engama-45 ubudala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, waduma ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Kwangena ama-oda. Ngakho-ke, waqala ukwenza amaphepha okulandelela, ukuze kamuva eshabhu yena nabasizi bakhe bakwazi ukukopisha imisebenzi eyayifunwa kakhulu. Kodwa wafa. Futhi isidingo somsebenzi wakhe sahlala.

Abanye ochwepheshe bazama ukusebenza ngesitayela sakhe. I-Kleve efanayo. Kodwa wayengenawo amaphethini. Wayekwazi ukubona okwangempela izikhathi ezimbalwa kuphela (endlini yomnikazi wesithombe) abese ebhala okufanayo ngokusekelwe ezisusa.

Isibonelo, yile ndlela adala ngayo i-Return of the Herd.

Kukhona enifana ngakho, niyabo. Kodwa akulona ikhophi ngqo. U-Cleve ubukhumbula ubuhle bemvelo ka-Brueghel. Yebo, nezibalo zabelusi zenziwe zibe nzima nakakhulu.

Sicela uqaphele ukuthi isandla sakhe silotshwe kancane kancane kunalokho okudingekayo. Kubukeka sengathi ikhula ngaphandle kwendlebe yakho. U-Bruegel kulokhu udale imisebenzi engcono ngokuphathelene namaqiniso.

Kodwa indodana yenkosi uPieter Brueghel Omncane iyakhula futhi iba inkosi. Wamukelwa enhlanganweni kaSaint Luke. Lokhu kwenzeka ngawo lowo nyaka uKleve ashona ngawo.

Akukhona nje ukuthi umfana uthola amaphepha okulandela umkhondo, kodwa futhi umlingisi oyinhloko kayise uyafa. Futhi sisekhona isidingo. Wathola ithuba waqala wakopisha umsebenzi kayise.

Uyini umehluko phakathi komsebenzi kababa nendodana

Kodwa nakhu okuthakazelisa kakhulu. Uma siqhathanisa umsebenzi wendodana nobaba, siphawula ukuthi basahlukile.

Futhi umehluko omkhulu ngombala. Ngesizathu esithile, umbala wendodana awuhambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi nokayise. Ngicabanga ukuthi usungakwazi kakade ukuqagela ukuthi kungani.

Konke kumayelana neziliphu. Indodana yayinazo, kodwa yayingenalo njalo ithuba lokuzibonela ngawayo amehlo. Futhi noma ngabe bekukhona ithuba elinjalo, kunzima ukukhumbula yonke imininingwane ngesikhathi esisodwa. Umdwebo wawungatholwa abaqoqi abavela kwelinye idolobha. Futhi ngayibona kanye kuphela eyangempela. Futhi akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Futhi qaphela ukuthi indodana yenza umdwebo ube lula, ngenxa yalokho, isithombe sibi kakhulu futhi siseduze nokuphrinta okudumile.

Lezi zingcezu zibonisa indlela ubaba abheka ngayo izinto ngendlela engokoqobo, nendodana inohlaka kakhulu.

Nokho, kwadingeka ngisebenze ngokushesha. Ukwenza amakhophi kwakudinga ukuhileleka kwabasizi ababenekhono elincane. Futhi ngokuvamile, umsebenzi onjalo ocishe ufane wokuthutha awubandakanyi ukufundwa kwayo yonke imininingwane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le midwebo ayizange ithengiswe kwabasebukhosini, kodwa kubantu bezigaba eziphansi. Futhi u-Pieter Brueghel Omncane wayefuna ukufanisa lokho abakuthandayo. Futhi babethanda nje isitayela esilula. Izibalo nobuso kwenziwa lula, okubuye kubonakale ngokucacile uma kuqhathaniswa.

Kodwa noma kunjalo, uPieter Brueghel Omncane empeleni wayeyingcweti ekahle kakhulu, njengoba lo msebenzi ufakazela.

Nayo yayibhalwe ngokwephepha likababa lokulandela umkhondo, kodwa lenziwe izinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Ubuso obungokoqobo bomalusi, babudlulisela ngokulinganayo imizwa yabaneshwa. Futhi nezwe elifaneleka kakhulu endaweni ebuhlungu enezihlahla ezingandile kanye nomhlaba oshiswe yilanga.

Umsebenzi muhle kakhulu ekufezeni kangangokuthi isikhathi eside kwathiwa ubaba. Kodwa noma kunjalo, ukuhlaziywa kweminyaka yebhodi kwafakazela ukuthi yadalwa kamuva yindodana yenkosi isebenzisa isifanekiso sephepha lokulandela umkhondo.

Kungani enye indodana ishintsha izithombe zikayise

Kukhona imisebenzi, njengoba besho, eyenziwe ngekhophi ye-carbon. Naphezu kwenani labo elikhulu. Ngakho, "Bird Trap" edumile Brueghel Peter Brueghel kanye workshop yakhe bakopishwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu.

Ukuze uqonde isikali: okungenani amakhophi anjalo angu-3 agcinwa eRussia. Eqoqweni langasese likaValeria noVladimir Mauergauz, ePushkin Museum eMoscow naseHermitage eSt. Ngokunokwenzeka, kukhona amakhophi anjalo kwamanye amaqoqo ayimfihlo.

Ngeke ngize ngiwabonise wonke, njengoba afana kakhulu. Futhi ukuqhathanisa akunangqondo. Kunjalo lapho ikhasimende lifuna "okufana ncamashi" futhi uPetru akazange aphambuke esifanekiso cishe isinyathelo esisodwa.

Ngenhla, sihlaziye ukuthi kungani okwangempela nezifaniso kungahambisani nemibala.

Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi uBrueghel Omncane washintsha ukwakheka kukayise. Futhi wakwenza ngamabomu. Bheka imidwebo yabo emibili.

Kubaba, uKristu onesiphambano ulahlekile esixukwini. Futhi uma ungakaze usibone lesi sithombe ngaphambili, kuzokuthatha isikhathi ukuthola umlingiswa oyinhloko.  INdodana, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yenza umfanekiso kaKristu ube mkhulu futhi iwubeke ngaphambili. Ungayibona cishe ngokushesha.

Kungani indodana yashintsha ukuqamba okungaka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iphepha lokulandela umkhondo eliqediwe? Futhi, kuya ekuthandeni kwamakhasimende.

UPieter Brueghel Omdala wabeka phansi ifilosofi ethile, eveza umlingiswa oyinhloko ngendlela encane. Phela kithina, ukubethelwa kukaKristu kuwukhiye nesigameko esibuhlungu kakhulu eBhayibhelini. Siyaqonda ukuthi kungakanani akwenza ukuze asindise abantu.

Kodwa abantu besikhathi sikaKristu abazange bakuqonde lokhu, ngaphandle kweqembu elincane elalisondelene neNdodana kaNkulunkulu. Abantu babengenandaba nokuthi ubani oholwa laphaya eGolgotha. Ngaphandle ngokwemibandela yokubukwa. Lesi senzakalo salahleka enqwaba yezinkathazo nemicabango yabo yansuku zonke.

Kodwa uPieter Brueghel Omncane akazange enze inkimbinkimbi kangako. Amakhasimende ayedinga nje "Indlela eya eKalvari." Azikho izincazelo ezinezendlalelo eziningi.

Wenza nomqondo kayise waba lula Wemisebenzi Eyisikhombisa Yesihe.

Isithombe sidalwe ngokusho kwebinzana leVangeli likaMathewu. Ithi bamphakela ukudla, bamphuzisa, bamembathisa, baya kogulayo, bamvakashela esitokisini, njengokwemukelwa komhambi. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, amazwi akhe anezelwa esinye isenzo somusa - ukungcwatshwa ngokwemithetho yobuKristu.

Embhalweni oqoshiwe kaPieter Brueghel Omdala, asiboni kuphela zonke izenzo ezinhle eziyisikhombisa, kodwa futhi umfanekiso wesihe - intombazane phakathi nendawo enenyoni ekhanda layo.

Futhi indodana ayizange iqale ukumveza futhi yashintsha indawo yaba cishe nje uhlobo lwesigameko. Nakuba sisayibona yonke imisebenzi yesihe kuyo.

HHAYI ifa likababa

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uPieter Brueghel waseSihogweni wadala izifanekiso zikayise kuphela. Futhi khona lapha ngizochaza ukuthi kungani ebizwa nge-Infernal.

Phela, wazama ukusebenza ngesitayela se-Bosch, edala izidalwa ezinhle kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, waqanjwa ngokuthi i-Infernal, ngenxa nje yale misebenzi yokuqala.

Kodwa-ke isidingo samaphupho amaBoschian sashabalala: abantu babefuna izigcawu eziningi zohlobo. Nomculi washintshela kubo. Kodwa lesi siteketiso sesamile kangangoba sesifike nasezikhathini zethu.

Futhi amaFulentshi ayethanda izigcawu zohlobo. Futhi ngesiqalo se-satirical esigqame kakhudlwana. Kwakusuka emsebenzini wesiFulentshi lapho umdwebi enze umfanekiso othi "The Village Lawyer".

Uyabona, ngisho nekhalenda lodonga lahlala lingesiFulentshi. Futhi nakhu kuwukubhuqa, kugcona umsebenzi wabameli bentela ...

Bekuyinkundla edume kakhulu, ngakho-ke umdwebi kanye neshabhu lakhe benza izifaniso ezimbalwa.

Izaga zesiDashi

Lapho ngaphandle kwezaga zesiDashi! Cishe uyawazi umdwebo omangalisayo kaPieter Brueghel Omdala ngale ndaba. Ngabhala ngaye lapha isihloko.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, lesi sihloko asizange silahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwaso. Kodwa-ke, kwase kusesimweni sokuphanyeka amapuleti okuhlobisa ezindongeni, lapho isaga esisodwa noma esinye sasichazwa khona.

Kwesokunxele, uBrueghel ubonisa ukuthi “azinyakazi izibhakela ngemva kokulwa” nokuthi akusekho sizathu sokungcwaba umthombo, njengoba ithole selifile kuwo.

Kodwa ngakwesokudla, ubunjalo obumbaxambili babanye abantu buboniswa, lapho besho into eyodwa ngomuntu, kodwa bacabange into ehluke ngokuphelele. Njengokungathi baphatha kokubili amanzi nomlilo ngesikhathi esisodwa.

UPieter Brueghel Omncane eRussia

Maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX isithakazelo Bruegel saqala ukufiphala. Futhi yaqala kabusha kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX! Kodwa amanani entengo yomsebenzi wabo mayelana nalokhu enyuka. Akekho noyedwa uPieter Brueghel Omdala owatholwa ukuze kuqoqwe iHermitage kanye nePushkin Museum. Kodwa kwakukhona imisebenzi eminingana yendodana yakhe endala.

Imisebenzi emithathu igcinwe ePushkin Museum. Kubandakanya iNtwasahlobo. Sebenza engadini.

E-Hermitage - imisebenzi engu-9. Enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu - "Fair with a Theater performance" - yatholwa kumqoqi kuphela ngo-1939, nje ngenxa yesithakazelo esivuselelwe kulo mculi.

Ngokuvamile, hhayi umsebenzi omningi, uyabona.

Kodwa lesi sikhala sigcwaliswa ngabaqoqi abazimele. Ifinyelela ku-19 imisebenzi ka-Pieter Brueghel Omncane eka-Valeria kanye no-Konstantin Mauergauz. Ngokusekelwe eqoqweni labo, engalibona embukisweni weNew Jerusalem Museum (Istra, Isifunda saseMoscow), ngidale lesi sihloko.

isiphetho

U-Pieter Brueghel Omncane akakaze afihle ukuthi wakopisha umsebenzi kayise. Futhi wayewasayina njalo ngegama lakhe. Okusho ukuthi, wayethembeke kakhulu emakethe. Akazange azame ukuthengisa umdwebo ngenzuzo eyengeziwe ngokuwudlulisela njengomsebenzi kayise. Kwakuyindlela yakhe, kodwa empeleni waqinisa isisekelo esabekwa nguyise.

Futhi sibonga uBrueghel Omncane, siyazi ngaleyo misebenzi yenkosi enkulu eyalahleka. Futhi ngamakhophi endodana kuphela lapho singathola khona isithombe esiphelele somsebenzi kababa.

PS. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi uPieter Brueghel Omdala wayenenye indodana okuthiwa uJan. Wayenonyaka owodwa ubudala lapho uyise eshona. Futhi njengomfowabo omdala uPeter, akazange afunde kuyise. U-Jan Brueghel Omdala (i-Velvet noma i-Floral) naye waba ngumculi, kodwa wahamba ngenye indlela.

Kwesinye isihloko esincane, ngikhuluma ngaso nje. Ngemva kokuyifunda, ngeke usabadida abazalwane. Futhi uqonde kangcono umndeni odumile wama-Brueghel wamaciko.

***

Uma isitayela sami sokwethula siseduze nawe futhi unentshisekelo yokufunda ukudweba, ngingakuthumelela umjikelezo wamahhala wezifundo ngeposi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, gcwalisa ifomu elilula kulesi sixhumanisi.

Amazwana abanye abafundi bona ngezansi. Zivame ukungezwa kahle esihlokweni. Ungakwazi futhi ukwabelana ngombono wakho mayelana nomdwebo kanye nomdwebi, futhi ubuze umbhali umbuzo.

Izifundo Zobuciko Eziku-inthanethi 

isiZulu version

Izixhumanisi zokukhiqiza kabusha:

Anthony van Dyck. Isithombe sika-Pieter Brueghel Omncane:

https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/02.+drawings/242152

UPieter Brueghel Omncane. Okufanelekile ngokudlala kwetiyetha:

https://hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+paintings/38928