Paul Gauguin. Ungqondongqondo ongalindanga udumo

UPaul Gauguin angase ahlanjalazwe ngenxa yezinto eziningi - ukukhashelwa umfazi osemthethweni, isimo sengqondo sokungabi nandaba nezingane, ukuhlalisana nezingane, ukuhlambalaza, ubugovu obukhulu.

Kodwa kusho ukuthini lokhu uma kuqhathaniswa nethalente elikhulu kunawo wonke anikezwe wona?

I-Gauguin imayelana nokungqubuzana, ukungqubuzana okungaxazululeki kanye nempilo, njengedrama ye-adventure. Futhi i-Gauguin iyingqimba yonke yobuciko bomhlaba kanye namakhulu emidwebo. Nobuhle obusha ngokuphelele obusamangaza futhi obujabulisayo.

Impilo ijwayelekile

UPaul Gauguin wazalwa ngo-June 7, 1848 emndenini ovelele kakhulu. Umama womculi wesikhathi esizayo wayeyindodakazi yomlobi odumile. Ubaba uyintatheli yezombangazwe.

Ku-23, uGauguin uthola umsebenzi omuhle. Uba umthengisi wamasheya ophumelelayo. Kodwa kusihlwa nangezimpelasonto uyapenda.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-25, ushada no-Dutch Mette Sophie Gad. Kodwa inyunyana yabo ayiyona indaba emayelana nothando olukhulu nendawo yokuhlonipha umnyuziyamu wenkosi enkulu. Ku-Gauguin wazizwa uthando oluqotho kuphela kwezobuciko. Okuthi unkosikazi akazange abelane.

Uma uGauguin eveza umkakhe, kwakungavamile futhi kunalokho kucacile. Isibonelo, ngokumelene nesizinda sodonga olumpunga olunsundu, lufulathele isibukeli.

Kodwa-ke, abashadile bazozala izingane ezinhlanu, futhi, mhlawumbe, ngaphandle kwabo, akukho lutho oluzobaxhuma maduzane. UMette wayebheka amakilasi omyeni wakhe wokudweba njengokuchitha isikhathi. Washada nomthengisi ocebile. Futhi ngangifuna ukuphila ukuphila okuntofontofo.

Ngakho-ke, isinqumo esake sathathwa umyeni wakhe sokuyeka umsebenzi wakhe futhi wahlanganyela kuphela ekudwebeni uMette kwaba igalelo elinzima. Inyunyana yabo, vele, ngeke ilubekezelele uvivinyo olunjalo.

Ukuqala kwe-Art

Iminyaka eyi-10 yokuqala yomshado kaPaul noMette yadlula ngokuthula nangokuphepha. UGauguin wayeyi-amateur kuphela ekudwebeni. Futhi wapenda kuphela ngesikhathi sakhe samahhala kusuka ku-stock exchange.

Ngaphezu kwakho konke, uGauguin wayengwe ama-impressionists. Nansi enye yemisebenzi kaGauguin, ependwe ngokuboniswa kokukhanya okujwayelekile kwe-Impressionist kanye nekhona elihle lasemaphandleni.

UGauguin uxoxa ngenkuthalo nabadwebi abavelele besikhathi sakhe njengoCezanne, I-Pissarro, I-Degas.

Ithonya labo lizwakala emisebenzini yokuqala kaGauguin. Ngokwesibonelo, emdwebeni "Suzanne Sewing".

Intombazane imatasa nomsebenzi wayo, futhi kubonakala sengathi siyizimpimpi. Impela emoyeni kaDegas.

U-Gauguin akafuni ukuyihlobisa. Wagoba, okwenza isimo sakhe nesisu sakhe singabukeki. Isikhumba "asikho ngonya" asidluliswanga kuphela nge-beige ne-pink, kodwa futhi okwesibhakabhaka nokuhlaza. Futhi lokhu kusemoyeni kaCezanne.

Futhi okunye ukuzola nokuthula kuthathwe ngokucacile ku-Pissarro.

1883, lapho uGauguin eba neminyaka engama-35, uba yinguquko kumlando wakhe. Wawuyeka umsebenzi wakhe emakethe, eqiniseka ngokuthi uzoduma ngokushesha njengomdwebi.

Kodwa amathemba ayengenasisekelo. Imali eqoqiwe yaphela ngokushesha. Unkosikazi uMette, engafuni ukuphila ngobumpofu, ushiya abazali bakhe, ethatha izingane. Lokhu kwakusho ukuwohloka komshado wabo womndeni.

Gauguin e-Brittany

Ihlobo lika-1886 u-Gauguin uchitha e-Brittany enyakatho yeFrance.

Kulapha lapho uGauguin athuthukisa khona isitayela sakhe somuntu ngamunye. Okuzoshintsha kancane. Futhi waziwa ngakho.

Ubulula bomdwebo, emngceleni we-caricature. Izindawo ezinkulu zombala ofanayo. Imibala ekhanyayo, ikakhulukazi ephuzi, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ebomvu. Izikimu zombala ezingenangqondo, lapho umhlaba ungase ube bomvu nezihlahla zibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi futhi imfihlakalo kanye nemfihlakalo.

Konke lokhu sikubona komunye wemisebenzi yobuciko eyinhloko kaGauguin wenkathi yamaBreton - "Umbono ngemva kwentshumayelo noma umzabalazo kaJakobe neNgelosi."

Okwangempela kuhlangana nokumangalisayo. Abesifazane baseBreton abagqoke amakepisi amhlophe yibona ababona isigcawu esivela eNcwadini kaGenesise. Indlela uJakobe abambana ngayo nengelosi.

Umuntu ubhekile (kuhlanganise nenkomo), kunomuntu okhulekayo. Futhi konke lokhu ngokumelene nesizinda somhlaba obomvu. Njengokungathi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezigcwele imibala egqamile. Ngolunye usuku uGauguin uzohamba aye ezindaweni ezishisayo zangempela. Ingabe kungenxa yokuthi imibala yayo ifaneleka kakhulu lapho?

Omunye umsebenzi wobuciko wadalwa eBrittany - "Yellow Christ". Yilesi sithombe esiyisizinda somfanekiso wakhe (ekuqaleni kwesihloko).

Kakade kusukela kule midwebo, eyakhiwe eBrittany, umuntu angabona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kukaGauguin kanye ne-Impressionists. Ama-Impressionists aveze indlela azizwa ngayo ngaphandle kokwethula incazelo efihliwe.

Kodwa kuGauguin, umfanekiso wawubalulekile. Akumangalisi ukuthi ubhekwa njengomsunguli wezimpawu zokudweba.

Bona ukuthi amaBreton azolile futhi angenandaba kanjani ehlezi ezungeza uKristu obethelwe esiphambanweni. Ngakho uGauguin ubonisa ukuthi umhlatshelo kaKristu sewukhohliwe isikhathi eside. Futhi inkolo kwabaningi isimane nje iyiqoqo lemikhuba eyisibopho.

Kungani umdwebi azibonise ebhekene nesizinda somdwebo wakhe noKristu ophuzi? Ngenxa yalokhu, amakholwa amaningi awazange amthande. Ukucabangela "izenzo" ezinjalo njengokuhlambalaza. UGauguin wayezibheka njengesisulu sokuthandwa ngumphakathi, ongawamukeli umsebenzi wakhe. Ngokusobala ukuqhathanisa ukuhlupheka kwabo nokufel’ ukholo kukaKristu.

Futhi umphakathi ube nobunzima ngempela ukumqonda. EBrittany, umphathi-dolobha wedolobhana elincane wenza isithombe somkakhe. Yile ndlela "u-Angela Omuhle" wazalwa ngayo.

U-Angela wangempela wethuka. Wayengacabangi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi angaba “muhle” kangaka. Amehlo engulube emincane. Ikhala elivuvukele. Izandla ezinkulu ezinamathambo.

Futhi eduze kwawo kukhona umfanekiso ongavamile. Okuyinto intombazane eyayithatha njenge-parody yomyeni wayo. Phela wayemfishane kunobude bakhe. Kuyamangaza ukuthi amakhasimende awazange adabule iseyili ibe yizicucu ngenxa yentukuthelo.

Gauguin e-Arles

Kuyacaca ukuthi icala elithi "Beautiful Angela" alizange lengeze amakhasimende ku-Gauguin. Ubumpofu bumphoqa ukuthi avumelane nalesi siphakamiso UVan Gogh  mayelana nokusebenza ndawonye. Waya kombona e-Arles, eningizimu yeFrance. Ngethemba lokuthi ukuphila ndawonye kuzoba lula.

Lapha babhala abantu abafanayo, izindawo ezifanayo. Njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, uMadame Gidoux, umnikazi wekhefi yasendaweni. Nakuba isitayela sihlukile. Ngicabanga ukuthi ungakwazi ukuqagela kalula (uma ungakaze uyibone le midwebo ngaphambili) lapho isandla sikaGauguin sikhona, futhi sikuphi uVan Gogh.

Ulwazi mayelana nemidwebo ekupheleni kwesihloko*

Kodwa uPaul ononya, ozethembayo kanye noVincent onovalo, othukuthele ngokushesha abakwazanga ukuzwana ngaphansi kophahla olufanayo. Futhi ngesinye isikhathi, ekushiseni kwengxabano, uVan Gogh wacishe wabulala uGauguin.

Ubungani baphela. Futhi uVan Gogh, ehlushwa ukuzisola, wanquma indlebe yakhe.

Gauguin ezindaweni ezishisayo

Ekuqaleni kwawo-1890, umculi wabanjwa umqondo omusha - ukuhlela workshop ezindaweni ezishisayo. Wanquma ukuzinza eTahiti.

Ukuphila eziqhingini kwakungemnandi njengoba kwakubonakala kuGauguin ekuqaleni. Abantu bomdabu bamamukela ngesizotha, futhi kwakusele “isiko elingakathintwa” elincane - amakoloni ayesenesikhathi eside aletha impucuko kulezi zindawo zasendle.

Abantu bendawo babengavamile ukuvuma ukumela uGauguin. Futhi uma befika endlini yakhe, babezilungisa ngendlela yaseYurophu.

Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe eFrench Polynesia, uGauguin wayezofuna isiko lendabuko "elihlanzekile", ehlala kude ngangokunokwenzeka emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni ahlonyiswe amaFulentshi.

ubuciko bangaphandle

Ngokungangabazeki, uGauguin wavula i-aesthetics entsha ekudwebeni kwabaseYurophu. Ngomkhumbi ngamunye, wathumela imidwebo yakhe "ezweni".

Amakhanvasi abonisa ubuhle besikhumba esimnyama abanqunu eqenjini lakudala avuse isasasa elikhulu phakathi kwezithameli zase-Europe.

UGauguin wafunda ngokucophelela isiko lendawo, amasiko, izinganekwane. Ngakho-ke, emdwebeni othi "Ukulahlekelwa Ubuntombi", uGauguin ufanekisela isiko langaphambi komshado lamaTahiti.

Umakoti ngobusuku bangaphambi komshado webiwa abangani bomkhwenyana. "Bamsiza" ukwenza intombazane owesifazane. Okusho ukuthi, ubusuku bokuqala bomshado kwakungobabo.

Yiqiniso, leli siko lase liqediwe kakade izithunywa zevangeli ngesikhathi uGauguin efika. Umdwebi ufunde ngaye ezindabeni zezakhamuzi zendawo.

UGauguin naye wayethanda ukwenza ifilosofi. Yile ndlela umdwebo wakhe odumile othi "Sivelaphi? Singobani? Siyaphi?".

Impilo yangasese ka-Gauguin ezindaweni ezishisayo

Kunezinganekwane eziningi mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu ka-Gauguin esiqhingini.

Bathi lo mculi ubeziphatha kabi kakhulu ebudlelwaneni bakhe nama-mulatto wendawo. Wahlushwa izifo eziningi ze-venereal. Kodwa umlando uye walondoloza igama labanye abathandekayo.

Okunamathiselwe okudume kakhulu kwakunguTehura oneminyaka engu-13 ubudala. Intombazane encane ingabonakala emdwebeni othi "Umoya Wabafileyo Awulali".

UGauguin wamshiya ekhulelwe, waya eFrance. Kusukela kulokhu kuxhumana, umfana u-Emil wazalwa. Wakhuliswa indoda yendawo eyashada noTehura. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Emil waphila iminyaka engu-80 futhi wafa ebumpofu.

Ukuqashelwa ngokushesha ngemva kokufa

U-Gauguin akakaze abe nesikhathi sokujabulela impumelelo.

Izifo eziningi, ubudlelwano obunzima nezithunywa zevangeli, ukuntuleka kwemali - konke lokhu kwehlisa amandla omdwebi. NgoMeyi 8, 1903, uGauguin wafa.

Nansi eminye yemidwebo yakhe yakamuva, I-Spell. Lapho inhlanganisela yendabuko kanye nekolonial ibonakala kakhulu. Isipelingi kanye nesiphambano. Unqunu futhi ugqoke izithulu.

Nejazi elincanyana likapende. U-Gauguin kwadingeka onge imali. Uma uwubonile umsebenzi kaGauguin bukhoma, cishe ukunakile lokhu.

Njengenhlekisa yomdwebi ompofu, izenzakalo zivela ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Umthengisi Vollard uhlela umbukiso omkhulu we-Gauguin. I-salon** inikezela ikamelo lonke kuye...

Kodwa uGauguin akahloselwe ukugeza kule nkazimulo enkulu. Akazange aphile naye nje kancane ...

Kodwa-ke, ubuciko bomdwebi baphenduka obungafi - imidwebo yakhe isamangaza ngemigqa yabo enenkani, imibala engavamile kanye nesitayela esiyingqayizivele.

Gauguin eRussia

Kunemisebenzi eminingi kaGauguin eRussia. Konke sibonga abaqoqi pre-inguquko Ivan Morozov futhi Sergei Shchukin. Baletha ekhaya inqwaba yemidwebo eyenziwe ngumaster.

Omunye wemisebenzi yobuciko eyinhloko kaGauguin "Intombazane ephethe isithelo" igcinwe kuyo I-Hermitage eSt. Petersburg.

Funda nangobuciko bobuciko bomculi "Ihhashi elimhlophe".

* Kwesobunxele: UPaul Gauguin. E-night cafe. 1888 I-Pushkin Museum im. A.S. Pushkin, eMoscow. Kwesokudla: Van Gogh. Isi-Arlesian. 1889

** Inhlangano e-Paris ebonise umsebenzi wamaciko aqashelwa ngokusemthethweni emphakathini uwonke.

***

Amazwana abanye abafundi bona ngezansi. Zivame ukungezwa kahle esihlokweni. Ungakwazi futhi ukwabelana ngombono wakho mayelana nomdwebo kanye nomdwebi, futhi ubuze umbhali umbuzo.

Umfanekiso oyinhloko: Paul Gauguin. Zifake ngoKristu ophuzi. 1890 I-Museum d'Orsay.