Izithombe zika-Raphael. Abangane, abathandi, abaxhasi
Okuqukethwe:
U-Raphael wayephila enkathini lapho izithombe ezinobuso obugcwele zazisanda kuvela e-Italy. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-20-30 ngaphambi kwalokho, izakhamuzi zaseFlorence noma eRoma zaziboniswa ngokuqinile kuphrofayili. Noma ikhasimende liboniswe liguqe phambi kongcwele. Lolu hlobo lokuma ngobude lwalubizwa nge-donor portrait. Ngisho nangaphambilini, isithombe njengohlobo sasingekho nhlobo.
Enyakatho yeYurophu, izithombe zokuqala, kuhlanganise nobuso obugcwele, zavela eminyakeni engu-50 ngaphambili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi e-Italy isithombe somuntu oyedwa asizange samukelwe isikhathi eside. Njengoba bekuwuphawu lokuhlukana neqembu. Nokho isifiso sokuziqhubezela sasinamandla.
U-Raphael akazange afe. Futhi wasiza umngane wakhe, isithandwa, umphathi omkhulu nabanye abaningi ukuba bahlale emakhulwini eminyaka.
1. Ukuzithwebula. 1506
Funda ngoRaphael esihlokweni esithi “I-Renaissance. Izingcweti ezi-6 ezinhle zase-Italy ”.
Funda mayelana noMadonnas wakhe odume kakhulu esihlokweni esithi “Madonnas by Raphael. 5 ubuso obuhle kakhulu.
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunemfihlakalo, isiphetho, umyalezo."
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I-self-portrait ingahlala ichaza okuningi mayelana nomlingisi womculi. Khumbula ukuthi uRaphael wayethanda imibala ekhanyayo kangakanani. Kodwa waziveza ngesizotha egqoke ezimnyama. Ihembe elimhlophe kuphela eliphuma ngaphansi kwe-caftan emnyama. Lokhu kukhuluma ngokusobala ngesizotha sakhe. Mayelana nokungabikho kokuzikhukhumeza nokuzikhukhumeza. Lena yindlela abantu besikhathi sakhe abamchaza ngayo.
Vasari, umbhali wempilo yabantu Renaissance masters wachaza uRaphael ngale ndlela: “Imvelo ngokwayo yamnika lesosizotha nomusa ngezinye izikhathi okwenzeka kubantu abahlanganisa isimo sengqondo esithambile nesinozwela ...”
Wayemuhle ngokubukeka. Wayelungile. Umuntu onjalo kuphela ongapenda amaMadonna amahle kakhulu. Uma befuna ukugcizelela ukuthi owesifazane muhle emphefumulweni nasemzimbeni, bavame ukuthi "muhle, njengoRafael's Madonna".
Funda ngalezi zithombe ezinhle esihlokweni. Raphael's Madonnas. 5 ubuso obuhle kakhulu.
2. U-Agnolo Doni noMaddalena Strozzi. 1506
U-Agnolo Doni wayengumthengisi woboya ocebile waseFlorence. Ubeyisazi sezobuciko. U-Rafael ngomshado wakhe, wayala isithombe sakhe kanye nesithombe somkakhe omncane.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uLeonardo da Vinci wayehlala futhi esebenza eFlorence. Izithombe zakhe zaba nethonya elinamandla kuRaphael. Kusezithombeni zomshado wombhangqwana waseDoni lapho ithonya elinamandla lika-da Vinci lizwakala. UMaddalena Strozzi uyakhumbula Mona Lisa.
Ukujika okufanayo. Izandla ezifanayo zigoqiwe. NguLeonardo da Vinci kuphela odale ukuhwalala esithombeni. U-Raphael, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wahlala ethembekile emibaleni egqamile kanye nezwe emoyeni kathisha wakhe. Perugino.
UVasari, owayephila ngesikhathi sikaRaphael no-Agnolo Doni, wabhala ukuthi lo muntu wayeyindoda enonya. Okuwukuphela kwento angazange ayigcinele imali kwakuwubuciko. Ngokunokwenzeka kwadingeka aphume ngemfologo. URafael wayekwazi ukubaluleka kwakhe futhi wayefuna umsebenzi wakhe ngokugcwele.
Icala elilodwa liyaziwa. Lapho u-Raphael eqeda i-oda lama-frescoes amaningana endlini ka-Agostino Chigi. Ngokwesivumelwano, wayezokhokhelwa i-500 ecu. Lapho umsebenzi usuqedile, umdwebi wacela imali ephindwe kabili. Ikhasimende belididekile.
Wacela uMichelangelo ukuthi abone amafresco futhi anikeze umbono wakhe wokuthekelisa. Ingabe ama-frescoes abaluleke ngempela njengoba u-Raphael ebuza. UChigi uthembele ekusekelweni kukaMichelangelo. Phela wayengabathandi abanye abaculi. U-Raphael ufakiwe.
UMichelangelo wayengenakuqondiswa ubutha. Futhi wawazisa umsebenzi. Ekhomba ngomunwe ekhanda le-sibyl (umbikezeli wezulu), wathi leli khanda lilodwa lalibiza i-100 ecu. Okunye, ngokombono wakhe, akukubi kakhulu.
3. Isithombe sikaPapa Julius II. 1511
Funda ngesithombe sikaPapa nendima yakhe empilweni kaRaphael esihlokweni esithi “Izithombe zikaRaphael. Abangane, abathandi, abaxhasi.”
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunendaba, isiphetho, imfihlakalo.”
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UPapa Julius II wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini kaRaphael. Walandela uPapa Alexander VI, uBorgia. Ubedume ngokuxhwala, ukumosha nokucwasa abantu. Kuze kube manje, iSonto LamaKatolika libheka ukubusa kwakhe njengenkathi eneshwa emlandweni wobupapa.
UJulius II wayehluke ngokuphelele kumanduleli wakhe. Enamandla futhi enesifiso sokuvelela, akazange abangele umona noma inzondo. Njengoba zonke izinqumo zakhe zazithathwa nje kubhekwa izithakazelo ezijwayelekile. Akazange asebenzise amandla ukuze azuze yena. wagcwalisa umcebo weBandla. Wachitha okuningi kwezobuciko. Ngenxa yakhe, abaculi abahamba phambili bangaleso sikhathi basebenza eVatican. Kuhlanganisa uRaphael noMichelangelo.
Waphathisa uRaphael ukuthi apende amahholo amaningana eVatican. Wahlatshwa umxhwele ikhono lika-Raphael kangangokuthi wayala ukuba imidwebo eqoshiwe yamakhosi angaphambili ihlanzwe kwamanye amakamelo amaningana. Ngomsebenzi kaRafael.
Yiqiniso, uRaphael akakwazanga ukuzibamba ngaphandle kokudweba isithombe sikaPapa Julius II. Phambi kwethu kunekhehla elidala kakhulu. Nokho, amehlo akhe awazange alahlekelwe ubulukhuni nobuqotho obungokwemvelo. Lesi sithombe sabathinta kakhulu abantu besikhathi sikaRaphael kangangokuthi ababedlula eduze kwakhe bathuthumela njengokungathi baphambi kophilayo.
4. Isithombe se-Baldassare Castiglione. 1514-1515
Funda ngalesi sithombe esihlokweni esithi “Izithombe zikaRaphael. Abangane, abathandi, abaxhasi.”
indawo "Idayari yokudweba: esithombeni ngasinye - umlando, isiphetho, imfihlakalo".
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U-Raphael wayengumuntu othanda ukukhuluma naye. Ngokungafani nabanye abaculi abaningi, ukuzihlukanisa akukaze kube yisici kuye. Vula umphefumulo. Inhliziyo enomusa. Akumangalisi ukuthi wayenabangane abaningi.
Esinye sazo wasiveza esithombeni. Ngino-Baldassare Castiglione, umdwebi wazalelwa futhi wakhulela edolobheni elifanayo lase-Urbino. Baphinde bahlangana eRoma ngo-1512. UCastiglione wafika lapho njengenxusa loMbusi wase-Urbino eRoma (ngaleso sikhathi, cishe wonke amadolobha ayeyizwe elihlukile: Urbino, Rome, Florence).
Cishe akukho lutho oluvela kuPerugino no-da Vinci kulesi sithombe. URafael wakha esakhe isitayela. Kungemuva elifaniswayo elimnyama, isithombe esingokoqobo ngendlela emangalisayo. Amehlo ajabule kakhulu. Ukuma, izingubo zisho okuningi mayelana nomlingiswa obonisiwe.
UCastiglione wayengudiplomate weqiniso. Ukuzola, ukucabanga. Akazange aphakamise izwi lakhe. Akuyona ize ukuthi u-Raphael amveze nge-grey-black. Lena imibala ehlakaniphile ehlala ingathathi hlangothi emhlabeni lapho imibala egqamile iqhudelana khona. Lokho kwakunguCastiglione. Wayengumlamuli onekhono phakathi kwabaphikisanayo.
U-Castiglione akakuthandanga ukukhanya kwangaphandle. Ngakho-ke, izingubo zakhe zihloniphekile, kodwa hhayi ezikhazimulayo. Ayikho imininingwane eyengeziwe. Akukho usilika noma i-satin. Kuphela uphaphe oluncane ku-beret.
Encwadini yakhe ethi "On the Courtier" uCastiglione ubhala ukuthi into eyinhloko kumuntu ohloniphekile yisilinganiso kukho konke. "Umuntu kufanele abe nesizotha kancane kunalokho isikhundla sakhe senhlalo sivumela."
Yilesi sicukuthwane esithobekile sommeleli ogqamile I-Renaissance futhi wakwazi ukudlula uRafael.
5. Donna Velata. 1515-1516
Funda ngakho esihlokweni esithi “Fornarina Rafael. Indaba yothando nomshado oyimfihlo."
indawo ethi “Idayari yokudweba. Esithombeni ngasinye kunendaba, isiphetho, imfihlakalo.”
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Isithombe sikaDonna Velata sipendwe ngendlela efanayo nesithombe saseCastiglione. Esiqongweni sekhono. Ngokwezwi nezwi kusasele unyaka noma emibili ngaphambi kokuba ilotshwe Sistine Madonna. Kunzima ukucabanga ngowesifazane wasemhlabeni ophile saka, onenkanuko nomuhle.
Kodwa-ke, akukaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi hlobo luni lowesifazane ovezwe esithombeni. Ngizozicabangela ngokungathí sina izinguqulo ezimbili.
Lokhu kungase kube isithombe esiyiqoqo sobuhle obungakaze bube khona. Phela, uRaphael wadala izithombe zodumo lwakhe UMadonna. Njengoba yena ngokwakhe abhalela umngane wakhe uBaldassara Castiglione, “abesifazane abahle bambalwa njengabahluleli abahle.” Ngakho-ke, uphoqeleka ukuba abhale hhayi emvelweni, kodwa acabange ubuso obuhle. Kuphela ephefumulelwe abesifazane abaseduze kwakhe.
Owesibili, inguqulo yothando kakhulu ithi uDonna Velata wayengumthandi kaRaphael. Mhlawumbe uVasari uyabhala ngalesi sithombe: “Owesifazane ayemthanda kakhulu kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe, futhi apenda naye isithombe esihle kangangokuthi wayeso sonke, njengokungathi uyaphila.”
Okuningi kusho ukuthi lo wesifazane ubesondelene naye. Akumangalisi ukuthi uRaphael uzobhala okwengeziwe esinye sezithombe zakhe eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Esimeni esifanayo. Ngobucwebe obufanayo beparele ezinweleni zakhe. Kodwa esifubeni. Futhi njengoba kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa ngo-1999, ngendandatho yomshado emunweni wakhe. Ipendwe iminyaka eminingi.
Kungani indandatho yayipendwe ngaphezulu? Ingabe kusho ukuthi uRafael washada nale ntombazane? Bheka izimpendulo esihlokweni Fornarina Raphael. Indaba yothando nomshado oyimfihlo”.
U-Raphael akazange adale izithombe eziningi kangaka. Wayephila kancane kakhulu. Ushone eneminyaka engu-37, ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa. Ngeshwa, impilo yezihlakaniphi ivamise ukuba mfishane.
Funda futhi ngoRaphael esihlokweni U-Raphael Madonnas: 5 Ubuso Obuhle Kakhulu.
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Amazwana abanye abafundi bona ngezansi. Zivame ukungezwa kahle esihlokweni. Ungakwazi futhi ukwabelana ngombono wakho mayelana nomdwebo kanye nomdwebi, futhi ubuze umbhali umbuzo.
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