Umlando omfushane wamathuluzi e-tattoo

Ukudweba umzimba kuyindlela yobuciko enamakhulu eminyaka omlando, futhi phakathi neminyaka, izinguquko ezinkulu zenziwe ezindleleni ezisetshenziswe kule nqubo. Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uthole ukuthi amathuluzi e-tattoo avela kanjani kusukela ezinalitini zethusi zasendulo namashizolo amathambo kuya emishinini yesimanje yama-tattoo njengoba siwazi.

amathuluzi e-tattoo aseGibhithe lasendulo

Ama-tattoos abonisa izilwane nonkulunkulu basendulo atholwe kumamumu aseGibhithe angesikhathi esithile phakathi kuka-3351-3017 BC. Amaphethini weJiyomethri ngendlela yamawebhu nawo asetshenziswa esikhumbeni njengesivikelo emimoyeni emibi ngisho nokufa.

Le miklamo yenziwe nge-pigment esekwe ku-carbon, okungenzeka ukuthi i-carbon black, eyajova ungqimba lwesikhumba kusetshenziswa ithuluzi le-tattoo enaliti eminingi. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi izindawo ezinkulu zazingase zihlanganiswe ngokushesha, futhi imigqa yamachashazi noma imigqa ingatholakala ndawonye.

Iphuzu lenaliti ngalinye lenziwe ngocezu lwethusi oluwunxande, lugoqwe phakathi komunye umkhawulo futhi lwakhiwe. Kwabe sekuboshwa izinaliti eziningana, zixhunywe esibanjeni sokhuni, bese zicwiliswa kumle ukuze kushunyekwe umklamo esikhumbeni.

Ta Moco Instruments

Ama-tattoos asePolynesia adume ngemiklamo yawo emihle nomlando omude. Ikakhulukazi, ama-tattoos wamaMaori, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Ta Moko, ajwayele ukwenziwa abantu bomdabu baseNew Zealand. Le mibhalo yayingcwele futhi ihlala ingcwele kakhulu. Ngokugcizelela ekudwebeni ama-tattoo ebusweni, umklamo ngamunye wawusetshenziselwa ukumela isizwe esithile, esinendawo ethile ebonisa izinga nesimo.

Ngokwesiko, ithuluzi le-tattoo elibizwa ngokuthi i-ukhi, elenziwe ngethambo elicijile elinesibambo sokhuni, lalisetshenziselwa ukwakha amaphethini okugcwalisa ayingqayizivele. Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba kuqoshwe uyinki wokhuni oluvuthayo, kwakwenziwa ukusikeka esikhumbeni kuqala. I-pigment ibe isishayelwa kule misele ngethuluzi elifana neshizolo elingu-¼-intshi.

Njengamanye amasiko amaningi ezizwe zaseziqhingini zasePolynesia, ama-ta-moko afa kakhulu phakathi nekhulu le-19 ngemva kokuba amakoloni. Nokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yaba nemvuselelo emangalisayo ngenxa yamaMaori anamuhla anentshiseko yokulondoloza amasiko ezizwe zawo.

I-Dayak Tattoo Techniques

I-Dayaks yase-Borneo ingesinye isizwe osekungamakhulu eminyaka siqhuba ama-tattoos. Ngemidwebo yabo, inaliti yenziwe ngameva esihlahla samawolintshi futhi uyinki wenziwe ngengxube ye-carbon black kanye noshukela. Imidwebo ye-Dayak tattoo ingcwele futhi kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuthi kungani umuntu walesi sizwe angathola i-tattoo: ukugubha umcimbi okhethekile, ukuthomba, ukuzalwa kwengane, isimo senhlalo noma izithakazelo, nokuningi.

amathuluzi we-haida tattoo

Abantu bakwaHaida ababehlala esiqhingini esingasogwini olusentshonalanga yeCanada iminyaka engaba ngu-12,500 XNUMX. Nakuba amathuluzi abo ekhumbuza amathuluzi aseJapane we-tebori, indlela yokufaka isicelo ihlukile, njengemikhosi lapho ihlanganiswa neseshini ye-tattoo engcwele.

Nge-Lars Krutak: “Umdwebo kaHaida wawubonakala uyivelakancane ngo-1885. Ngokwesiko kwakwenziwa ngokuhlanganyela nembiza ukuze kuqedelwe indawo yokuhlala yamapulangwe omsedari nensika yawo yangaphambili. Ama-Potlatches ayehlanganisa ukwabiwa kwempahla yomuntu siqu ngumnikazi (inhloko yendlu) kulabo abenza imisebenzi ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwangempela kwendlu. Isipho ngasinye sasiphakamisa isikhundla senhloko yendlu nomndeni wayo, futhi ikakhulukazi sazuza izingane zomnikazi wendlu. Ngemva kokushintshaniswa isikhathi eside kwezimpahla, ingane ngayinye yomholi wendlu yathola igama elisha le-Potlatch kanye ne-tattoo ebizayo eyabanika isikhundla esiphakeme.

Kwakusetshenziswa izinti ezinde ezinenaliti ezinamathiselwe, kanti amatshe ansundu ayesetshenziswa njengoyinki. Isazi se-anthropologist u-J. G. Swan, owabona umcimbi we-tattoo ka-Haida cishe ngo-1900, waqoqa amathuluzi abo amaningi e-tattoo futhi wabhala izincazelo ezinemininingwane kumalebula. Kwenye yazo kubhalwe ukuthi: “Penda ngetshe lokugaya amalahle ansundu okudweba noma ukuzidweba. Ngopende ugcotshwa nge-salmon caviar, futhi umdwebo ugcotshwa ngamanzi.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abantu baseHaida bangesinye sezizwe ezimbalwa ezisebenzisa izingulube ezibomvu, kanye nezimnyama, ukuze zenze ama-tattoos abo ezizwe.

Amathuluzi e-tattoo asekuqaleni anamuhla

I-Thai Sak Yant

Lesi siko sasendulo se-tattoo saseThai sibuyela ekhulwini le-16 lapho uNaresuan ebusa futhi amasosha akhe efuna ukuvikelwa ngokomoya ngaphambi kwempi. Isaqhubeka idumile kuze kube yilolu suku, futhi ineholide lezenkolo laminyaka yonke elinikezelwe kuyo.

I-Yant iwumklamo ongcwele wejometri onikeza izibusiso nokuvikelwa okuhlukahlukene ngamahubo amaBuddha. Inhlanganisela, "Sak Yant" kusho tattoo imilingo. Phakathi nenqubo yokudweba, imithandazo iculwa ukuze kufakwe i-tattoo ngamandla okuvikela ngokomoya. Kukholelwa ukuthi lapho umdwebo usondela ekhanda, unenhlanhla eyengeziwe.

Ngokwesiko, izindela zamaBuddha zisebenzisa izikhonkwane ezinde ezenziwe ngoqalo olucijile noma insimbi njengethuluzi le-tattoo. Lokhu kwasetshenziselwa ukudala ama-tattoos afana ne-Sak Yant. Lolu hlobo lwe-tattoo yesandla ludinga izandla zombili, omunye ukuqondisa ithuluzi futhi omunye ukushaya ukuphela kwenduku ukuze ujove uyinki esikhumbeni. Amafutha ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziselwa ukwakha intelezi engabonakali kwabanye.

I-tebori yaseJapane

Inqubo ye-tattoo ye-tebori ibuyele ekhulwini le-17 futhi ihlale idumile amakhulu eminyaka. Eqinisweni, kuze kube yiminyaka engaba ngu-40 edlule, wonke ama-tattoos eJapane ayenziwa ngesandla.

I-Tebori ngokwezwi nezwi isho "ukuqopha ngesandla" futhi igama livela ku-woodcraft; ukudala izitembu zokhuni zokuphrinta izithombe ephepheni. Ukudweba umzimba kusebenzisa ithuluzi le-tattoo elihlanganisa isethi yezinaliti ezinamathiselwe endongeni yokhuni noma yensimbi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-nomi.

Amaciko asebenzisa i-Nomi ngesandla esisodwa kuyilapho ejova uyinki esikhumbeni ngokunyakaza okunesigqi ngesinye isandla. Lena inqubo ehamba kancane kakhulu kune-tattooing kagesi, kodwa ingakha imiphumela ecebile kanye noshintsho olubushelelezi phakathi kwe-shades.

Umdwebi we-tebori ozinze e-Tokyo owaziwa ngelika-Ryugen utshele i-CNN ukuthi kumthathe iminyaka engu-7 ukucija umsebenzi wakhe wezandla: “Kuthatha isikhathi esiningi ukuzenza kahle kulo msebenzi kunokusebenzisa i-tattoo emotweni. Ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunemingcele eminingi efana ne-engeli, isivinini, amandla, isikhathi nezikhawu phakathi kwe- "poke".

ipeni le-edison

Mhlawumbe owaziwa kakhulu ngokusungula isibani sokukhanya nekhamera ye-movie, uThomas Edison naye wasungula ipeni likagesi ngo-1875. Ekuqaleni kwakuhloswe ukwenza izimpinda zedokhumenti efanayo kusetshenziswa i-stencil nerola kayinki, okusunguliwe ngeshwa akuzange kubambezeleke.

Ipeni le-Edison laliyithuluzi lesandla elinenjini kagesi ebekwe phezulu. Lokhu kwakudinga ulwazi olujulile lwebhethri ku-opharetha ukuze igcinwe, futhi imishini yokubhala yayifinyeleleka kakhulu kumuntu ovamile.

Kodwa-ke, naphezu kokwehluleka kwayo kokuqala, ipeni lika-Edison elinenjini labeka isiteji sohlobo oluhluke ngokuphelele lwethuluzi: umshini wokuqala we-tattoo kagesi.

Umshini we-tattoo kagesi u-O'Reilly

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-15 u-Edison enze ipeni lakhe likagesi, umdwebi we-tattoo wase-Ireland-American uSamuel O'Reilly wathola ilungelo lobunikazi laseMelika lenaliti yokuqala emhlabeni. Ngemva kokuzakhela igama embonini ye-tattoo ngasekupheleni kwawo-1880, ukubhala i-tattoo eNew York City, u-O'Reilly waqala ukuzama. Inhloso yayo: ithuluzi lokusheshisa inqubo.

Ngo-1891, egqugquzelwe ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa esibayeni sika-Edison, u-O'Reilly wengeza izinaliti ezimbili, indawo yokugcina uyinki, futhi waphinda wafaka i-angle emgqonyeni. Ngakho, umshini wokuqala we-tattoo we-rotary wazalwa.

Ikwazi ukwenza izimbobo zesikhumba ezingu-50 ngomzuzwana, okungenani izikhathi ezingu-47 ngaphezu komdwebi wezandla osheshayo futhi onekhono kakhulu, lo mshini uye washintsha imboni ye-tattoo futhi washintsha indlela yamathuluzi e-tattoo azayo.

Kusukela lapho, abaculi abavela emhlabeni wonke sebeqalile ukuzakhela imishini yabo. U-Tom Riley wase-London waba ngowokuqala ukuthola ilungelo lobunikazi laseBrithani lomshini wakhe wekhoyili eyodwa owenziwe ngomhlangano oshintshiwe wensimbi yokuncencethwa emnyango, ezinsukwini nje ezingu-20 ngemva kokuba u-O'Reilly ethole eyakhe.

Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, ngemva kweminyaka embalwa esebenza ngamathuluzi ezandla, imbangi ka-Riley u-Sutherland McDonald naye wagunyaza umshini wakhe we-tattoo osebenza ngogesi. Esihlokweni sango-1895 ku-Sketch, intatheli yachaza umshini ka-Macdonald ngokuthi "insimbi encane [eyenza] umsindo ozwakalayo ongajwayelekile".

Amathuluzi we-tattoo wesimanje

Ngokushesha phambili ku-1929: Umdwebi we-tattoo waseMelika uPercy Waters uthuthukise umshini wokuqala wesimanje we-tattoo ngesimo esijwayelekile. Ngemuva kokuklama nokukhiqiza izitayela zefreyimu eziyi-14, ezinye zazo ezisasetshenziswa nanamuhla, isibe ngumnikezeli ohamba phambili emhlabeni wamathuluzi e-tattoo.

Kwathatha eminye iminyaka engu-50 ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani omunye agunyaze umshini we-tattoo. Ngo-1978, u-Carol "Smoky" Nightingale ongowokuzalwa eCanada wakha "ithuluzi lokumaka likagesi lokuzidweba abantu" elinazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ongayenza ngokwezifiso.

Uma sicabanga ukuthi impumelelo yezikhathi ezithile ka-Edison kanye no-Nightingale yasiza kanjani ekulolongeni imboni yama-tattoo echumayo namuhla njengoba siwazi, singalokotha sithi njalo ngemva kwesikhashana, izithiyo ezincane zingafunda okuthile...