Ukugaya idayimane - konke mayelana nokusikwa okuphelele kwamadayimane

Umsuka wobuciko obukhulu bokupholisha amatshe ayigugu ubuyela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kakade amaSumer, ama-Asiriya nama-Akkid ayeziqhayisa ngemihlobiso emihle neziphandla, lapho kwakubekwe khona amatshe ayigugu, elokhu eyindilinga futhi engacaciswanga kakhulu, kodwa ephucuziwe kahle. Izinto zama-whetstones zanikezwa umuntu ngokwemvelo uqobo, okubonisa indawo ecwebezelayo yamakristalu amaningi akhiwe ngendlela efanele. Umuntu, ukulingisa imvelo, inqubo yokugaya, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe, washesha kuphela futhi wathuthukiswa, evusa ubuhle obungase bube bamatshe njengokungathi buvela ephusheni.

Imizamo yokuqala yokupholisha amadayimane isukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, futhi uhlobo lokusikwa okukhazimulayo, namanje olungaphelele, kuze kube ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX Kungenxa yalokhu kusikeka, ngenxa yezilinganiso ezichazwe ngokuqinile, ukuthi manje sesingababaza ama-optical amaningi amangalisayo. imiphumela yedayimane, izazi zamatshe ayigugu ezikubiza ngokuthi ukukhalipha.

Amafomu okufunda

Ngokwe-mineralogical, idayimane liyi-carbon emsulwa (C). Icwebezela ohlelweni olulungile, imvamisa isesimweni sama-octahedron (Fig. 1), kancane kancane i-tetra-, isithupha-, ishumi nambili-, kanye ne-octahedron engavamile kakhulu (Fig. 1). Yiqiniso, ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, amakristalu ahlanzekile akhiwe ngokuphelele awavamile futhi ngokuvamile mancane kakhulu. Amakristalu amakhulu avame ukuthuthukiswa kabi ngokwe-morphologically (isithombe 2). Eziningi zazo zinesakhiwo se-mosaic ngenxa yamawele amaningi noma ukunamathela; amakristalu amaningi anemiphetho eyindilinga, futhi izindonga ziqondile, zimahhadla, noma zimangelengele. Kukhona futhi amakristalu akhubazekile noma aqoshiwe; ukwakheka kwabo kuhlobene eduze nezimo zokubunjwa kanye nokuqedwa okulandelayo (ukuqoshwa kobuso). Amawele ohlobo lwe-spinel ayizinhlobo ezivamile, lapho indiza ye-fusion iyindiza ye-octahedron (111). Amawele amaningi nawo ayaziwa, enza izibalo ezimise okwenkanyezi. Kukhona futhi ukunamathela okungajwayelekile. Izibonelo zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu emvelweni zikhonjiswe emkhiwaneni. 2. Kunamadayimane ayigugu (amakristalu acwebile, acishe aphelele) kanye namadayimane ezimboni, ahlukaniswa abe amabhodi, ama-carbonado, ama-balls, njll. ngokuya nezici ze-mineralogical. Ibhodi (ibhodi, ibhodi) ivamise ukuba sesimweni samaqoqo ayimbudumbudu, grey noma emnyama. Ama-Ballas amaqoqo okusanhlamvu, ngokuvamile anesakhiwo esikhazimulayo nombala ompunga. I-Carbonado, eyaziwa nangokuthi idayimane elimnyama, i-cryptocrystalline."Ingqikithi yokukhiqizwa kwedayimane kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ilinganiselwa ku-4,5 billion carats, enenani eliphelele lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-300."

Ukugaya idayimane

Umsuka wobuciko obukhulu bokupholisha amadayimane usukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amaSumerians, ama-Asiriya nabaseBhabhiloni babevele beqhosha ngamatshe asikiwe asetshenziswa njengobucwebe, iziphandla noma ama-talismans. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi amatshe okugaya akhuthazwa yimvelo ngokwayo, ebonisa indawo yamakristalu amaningi akhiwe kahle acwebezela ngokukhazimula, noma amatshe abushelelezi ngamanzi anokukhanya okuqinile nombala wesici. Ngakho-ke, balingisa imvelo ngokuhlikihla amatshe aqinile kancane ngamatshe aqinile, bawanikeze umumo oyindilinga, kodwa o-asymmetrical, ongajwayelekile. Ukupholishwa kwamatshe abe yisimo esilinganayo kwafika kamuva kakhulu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukwakheka kwe-cabochon yesimanje kwavela emimoyeni eyindilinga; Kukhona nezindawo eziyisicaba okwenziwa kuzo ukuqoshwa. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukucutshungulwa kwamatshe ngobuso obuhlelwe ngokulinganayo (izici) kwakwaziwa kamuva kakhulu kunokuqoshwa kwamatshe. Amatshe ayisicaba anezindonga ezihlelwe ngokulinganayo, esiwancomayo namuhla, avela eNkathini Ephakathi kuphela. 

Izigaba zokupholisha amadayimane

Enqubweni yokucubungula amadayimane, abasiki bagqama 7 izigaba.Isigaba sokuqala - isigaba sokulungiselela, lapho idayimane elibi lihlolwa khona ngokuningiliziwe. Izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuma nohlobo lwekristalu, ubumsulwa nombala walo. Izimo ezilula zamadayimane (i-cube, i-octahedron, i-rhombic dodecahedron) zihlanekezelwe ngokucacile ezimweni zemvelo. Akuvamile, amakristalu edayimane anqunyelwe ebusweni obuyisicaba kanye nemiphetho eqondile. Ngokuvamile ziyindilinga ngamadigri ahlukahlukene futhi zidala izindawo ezingalingani. I-convex, i-concave noma amafomu ohlaka lwamathambo avelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphezu kwamafomu alula, angaphezulu noma ahlanekezelwe, amafomu ayinkimbinkimbi angabuye avele, okuyinhlanganisela yamafomu alula noma amawele awo. Kungenzeka futhi ukubonakala kwamakristalu akhubazekile, alahlekelwe kakhulu isimo sawo sokuqala se-cube, i-octahedron noma i-dodecahedron ye-rhombic. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukwazi kahle zonke lezi zinkinga zokukhubazeka ezingathinta inkambo elandelayo yenqubo yokucubungula, futhi uhlele inqubo ngendlela yokuthi isivuno samadayimane asikiwe sibe phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Umbala wedayimane uhlobene ngokungaqondile nokuma kwamakristalu. Okungukuthi, kwatholakala ukuthi ama-orthorhombic dodecahedron ngokuvamile anombala ophuzi, kuyilapho ama-octahedron ngokuvamile engenambala. Ngasikhathi sinye, kumakristalu amaningi, i-inhomogeneity yombala ingenzeka, ehlanganisa ukugcwaliswa kombala kwe-zonal nokuhluke ngokucacile. Ngakho-ke, ukuzimisela okunembile kwalo mehluko nakho kunomthelela omkhulu ekucutshungulweni kanye nekhwalithi elandelayo yamatshe aphucuziwe. Isici sesithathu esibalulekile okufanele sinqunywe esigabeni sokuqala ukuhlanzeka kwedayimane elimahhadla. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo kanye nemvelo yokufakwa, ubukhulu, uhlobo lokubunjwa, ubuningi nokusabalalisa ku-crystal kuyaphenywa. Iphinde inqume indawo kanye nezinga lezimpawu ze-chip, ukuqhekeka kokuqhekeka nokuqhekeka kwengcindezi, okungukuthi konke ukuphazamiseka kwesakhiwo okungathinta inqubo yokugaya futhi kuthinte ukuhlolwa okulandelayo kwekhwalithi yetshe. Njengamanje, izindlela ze-computed tomography ziye zabonakala ziwusizo kakhulu kulokhu. Lezi zindlela, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwedivayisi efanelekile, zinikeza isithombe sedayimane esinezinhlangothi ezintathu esinawo wonke amaphutha angaphakathi, ngenxa yokuthi, ngokulingisa ikhompyutha, yonke imisebenzi ehambisana nenqubo yokugaya ingahlelwa ngokunembile. Isithiyo esibalulekile ekusabalaleni kwale ndlela, ngeshwa, izindleko eziphezulu zedivayisi, yingakho ama-grinders amaningi asasebenzisa izindlela zendabuko zokuhlola okubukwayo, esebenzisa “ifasitela” elincane eliyisicaba ngale njongo, elalipholishelwe ngaphambili kwelinye lamapulangwe. izingxenye zekristalu.Isigaba sesibili - ukuqhekeka kwekristalu. Lo msebenzi ngokuvamile wenziwa kumakristalu angathuthukisiwe, akhubazekile, amawele noma angcoliswe kakhulu. Lona umsebenzi odinga ulwazi oluningi nolwazi. Okubalulekile ukuhlukanisa i-crystal ngendlela yokuthi izingxenye zayo azikho nje ezinkulu ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa futhi zihlanzeke ngangokunokwenzeka, okungukuthi, ukufaneleka kokucubungula okuqhubekayo kufanele kuhlotshaniswe namatshe acutshungulwayo. Ngakho-ke, lapho kuhlukaniswa, ukunakwa okwengeziwe akukhokhelwa kuphela ezindaweni zokuhlukanisa ezingase zibe khona (izindiza ezihlanjululwayo), kodwa futhi nokwenzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa sokuqeda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamaphutha angaphandle nangaphakathi, njengokuqhekeka, izindiza ezimbili, iminonjana ecacile ye-cleavage, okubalulekile okufakiwe, njll. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi lelo dayimane libonakala ngokuqhekeka kwe-octahedral (eceleni kwendiza (111), ngakho-ke indawo engase ibe khona yokuhlukanisa izindiza ze-octahedron. Yiqiniso, incazelo yabo inembe kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle futhi okuthembekile wonke umsebenzi uzoba, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ubuthakathaka obuphezulu bedayimane.Isigaba sesithathu - ukusika (i-crystal cutting). Lokhu kusebenza kwenziwa kumakristalu amakhulu, akheke kahle ngendlela ye-cube, i-octahedron ne-orthorhombic dodecahedron, inqobo nje uma ukuhlukaniswa kwekristalu ibe izingxenye kuhlelwe kusenesikhathi. Ukusika, amasaha akhethekile (amasaha) anamadiski enziwe ngethusi le-phosphor asetshenziswa (isithombe 3).Isigaba Sesine - ukugaya kokuqala, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwesibalo (Fig. 3). Kwakhiwa i-rondist, okungukuthi, umdweshu ohlukanisa ingxenye engaphezulu (umqhele) yetshe engxenyeni yayo engezansi (inkundla). Endabeni yokusikwa okukhazimulayo, i-rondist inohlaka oluyindilinga.Isigaba sesihlanu - ukugaya okulungile, okubandakanya ukugaya uhlangothi olungaphambili lwetshe, bese kuba i-collet kanye nobuso obuyinhloko bomqhele kanye nenkundla (isithombe 4). Inqubo iqeda ukwakheka kobuso obusele. Ngaphambi kokuqala kokusika, ukukhethwa kwamatshe kuyenziwa ukuze kunqunywe izinkomba zokusika, ezihlotshaniswa ne-anisotropy ekhona yobulukhuni. Umthetho ojwayelekile lapho upholisha amadayimane ukugcina ubuso betshe buhambisana nezindonga ze-cube (100), izindonga ze-octahedron (111) noma izindonga zedayimane dodecahedron (110) (Fig. 4). Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, izinhlobo ezintathu ze-rhombuses zihlukaniswa: i-rhombus ekhonjiwe ezine (Fig. 4a), i-rhombus enamaphuzu amathathu (Fig. 4b) kanye ne-rhombus enamaphuzu amabili (Fig. 5), umkhiwane. ngaphakathi). Kuye kwatholakala ngokuhlolwa ukuthi kulula kakhulu ukugaya izindiza ezihambisana ne-axis ye-symmetry ephindwe kane. Izindiza ezinjalo ziwubuso be-cube kanye ne-rhombic dodecahedron. Ngokulandelayo, izindiza ze-octahedron ezithambekele kulezi zimbazo yizo okunzima kakhulu ukuzigaya. Futhi njengoba iningi lobuso obugayiwe bufana kakhulu kuphela ne-axis ye-symmetry yesine, izikhombisi-ndlela zokugaya zikhethwa eziseduze neyodwa yalezi zimbazo. Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe-anisotropy yobulukhuni esibonelweni sokusikwa okukhazimulayo kuboniswa kufig. XNUMX.Isigaba sesithupha - ukupholisha, okuwukuqhubeka nokugaya. Amadiski okupholisha afanelekile kanye nama-paste asetshenziselwa lokhu.isigaba sesikhombisa - ukuhlola ukufaneleka kokusikwa, izilinganiso zayo kanye nokulinganisa, bese uhlanza ngokubilisa ngesisombululo se-acids, ikakhulukazi i-sulfuric acid.

Ukunyuka kwesisindo

Isivuno esikhulu samakristalu edayimane esichotshoziwe sincike ekumeni kwawo (umumo), futhi ukusabalala kwenqwaba kungaba okuphawulekayo. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa idatha ebaliwe, ngokusho ukuthi isivuno samadayimane asikwe emimoyeni enziwe ngendlela efanele singaba ngu-50-60% wesisindo sokuqala, kuyilapho ngomumo okhubazekile ngokusobala cishe ku-30%, futhi ngokuma okuyisicaba, amawele. cishe kuphela u-10– 20% (isithombe 5, 1-12).

INTUTHANE EQINILE BRILLIARIA

ukusika kwe-rosette

Ukusikwa kwe-rosette kuwukusika kokuqala ukusebenzisa ama-flat facets. Igama laleli fomu livela ku-rose; kuwumphumela wokuhlobanisa ukufana okuthile ekuhlelweni kwezingxenye etsheni nokuhlelwa kwamacembe erose elithuthuke kahle. Ukusikwa kwe-rosette kwasetshenziswa kabanzi ekhulwini lesi-6; okwamanje, akuvamile ukusetshenziswa futhi ikakhulukazi lapho kucutshungulwa izingcezu ezincane zamatshe, okuthiwa. makle. Enkathini yama-Victorian, yayisetshenziselwa ukugaya i-garnet ebomvu ejulile, eyayiyimfashini kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Amatshe anobuso anengxenye engaphezulu enobuso kuphela, kuyilapho ingxenye engezansi iyisizinda esipholishiwe esiyisicaba. Ingxenye engenhla imise okwephiramidi enobuso obunxantathu obuhlangana nge-engeli enkulu noma encane ukuya phezulu. Izindlela ezilula kakhulu zokusikwa kwe-rosette ziboniswa emkhiwaneni. 7. Ezinye izinhlobo zokusika i-rosette ziyaziwa njengamanje. Lokhu kufaka phakathi: i-rosette egcwele ye-Dutch (Fig. 7 a), i-Antwerp noma i-Brabant rosette (Fig. XNUMX b) nabanye abaningi. Endabeni yefomu eliphindwe kabili, elingabonakala njengoxhumano oluyisisekelo lwamafomu amabili angawodwa, kutholakala isokhethi eliphindwe kabili le-Dutch.

Ukusika amathayela

Lokhu cishe ukusika okunezinhlangothi zokuqala okuguqulelwe esimweni se-octagonal sekristalu yedayimane. Ifomu layo elilula lifana ne-octahedron enama-vertices amabili anqanyuliwe. Engxenyeni engenhla, indawo yengilazi ilingana nengxenye yesiphambano se-octahedron engxenyeni yayo ebanzi kakhulu, engxenyeni engezansi iyingxenye enkulu. Ukusika uthayela kwakusetshenziswa kakhulu amaNdiya asendulo. Yalethwa eYurophu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-8 ngabagayi baseNuremberg. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokusikwa kwebhodi, phakathi kwazo okubizwa ngokuthi i-Mazarin cut (Fig. 8a) kanye nePeruzzi (Fig. XNUMXb), esabalele eFrance nase-Italy ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Njengamanje, ukusika kwe-tile kusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ngendlela enhle kakhulu; Amatshe asikwe ngale ndlela asebenza njengezembozo zama-miniature ahlukahlukene ashumekiwe, isibonelo, emasongweni.

wanyathela wasikwa

I-prototype yalolu hlobo lokusika, manje oluvame kakhulu, kwakuyi-tile cut. Ibonakala ngendawo enkulu eyisicaba (iphaneli) ezungezwe uchungechunge lwezinhlangothi eziwunxande ofana nezinyathelo. Engxenyeni engenhla yetshe, izinhlangothi zikhula kancane kancane, zehla ngokukhuphuka onqenqemeni olubanzi; engxenyeni engezansi yetshe, izici ezifanayo eziwunxande ziyabonakala, zihamba kancane zehlela ebusweni obuphansi besisekelo. Uhlaka lwetshe lungaba isikwele, unxande, unxantathu, i-rhombic noma i-fancy: i-kite, inkanyezi, ukhiye, njll. Ukusikwa kwe-rectangular noma isikwele ngamakhona asikiwe (i-octagonal contour yetshe endizeni ye-rondist) ibizwa ngokuthi i-emerald cut (Fig. 9). Amatshe amancane, anyathela futhi anwetshiwe, angama-rectangular noma i-trapezoidal, aziwa ngokuthi ama-baguettes (i-French baquette) (Fig. 10 a, b); Izinhlobonhlobo zazo ziyitshe eliyisikwele elisikwe ngesinyathelo elibizwa ngokuthi i-carré (Umfanekiso 10c).

Ama-cut brilliant amadala

Emisebenzini yobucwebe, kuvame ukwenzeka ukuthi amadayimane anokusikwa okuhluke kakhulu kuzilinganiso "ezikahle". Ngokuvamile, lawa amadayimane asikiwe amadala enziwe ngekhulu le-11 noma ngaphambili. Amadayimane anjalo awabonisi imiphumela emangalisa kangaka yokubona njengaleyo esikwayo namuhla. Amadayimane okusikwa okudala okukhazimulayo angahlukaniswa abe amaqembu amabili, indawo yokuguquka lapha imaphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Amadayimane enkathi yangaphambili ngokuvamile anesimo setshe esifana nesikwele (okuthiwa umcamelo), ane-convex engaphezulu noma encane. izinhlangothi. , ukuhlelwa kwesici sobuso, isisekelo esikhulu kakhulu kanye nefasitela elincane (Fig. 12). Amadayimane anqunywe ngemva kwalesi sikhathi nawo anendawo encane kanye ne-collet enkulu ene-truncated, noma kunjalo, uhlaka lwetshe luyindilinga noma lusondelene nendilinga futhi ukuhlelwa kwama-facets ku-symmetrical impela (Fig. XNUMX).

BRILLIANT CUT

Iningi lokusikwa okukhazimulayo lisetshenziselwa amadayimane, ngakho igama elithi "brilliant" livame ukubhekwa njengelifana negama ledayimane. Ukusikwa okukhazimulayo kwasungulwa ngekhulu le-13 (eminye imithombo iphakamisa ukuthi yaziwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-33) ngumshini wokugaya waseVenetian uVincenzio Peruzzi. Igama lesimanje elithi "diamond" (Fig. 25, a) lisho umumo oyindilinga onezinhlangothi ezingu-1 engxenyeni engenhla (umqhele), kuhlanganise nengilazi, futhi engxenyeni engezansi (inkundla) enobuso obuyi-8, kuhlanganise namakholomu. Ubuso obulandelayo buhlukaniswa: 8) engxenyeni engenhla (umqhele) - iwindi, ubuso obuyi-16 befasitela, ubuso obuyinhloko obuyi-13 bomqhele, ubuso obu-2 bomqhele we-rondist (Fig. 8 b); 16) engxenyeni engezansi (i-pavilion) - Ubuso obuyi-13 obuyinhloko be-pavilion, ubuso obuyi-XNUMX be-rondist pavilion, i-tsar (Fig. XNUMX c) Umdweshu ohlukanisa izingxenye ezingaphezulu nezingezansi ubizwa ngokuthi i-rondist; inikeza isivikelo emonakalweni emaphethelweni ahlanganayo wezinhlangothi. 

Bheka futhi wethu iqoqo lolwazi ngamanye amagugu:

• Idayimane / Idayimane
• Ruby
• amethyst
• I-Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Sapphire
• Emerald
• I-Topaz
• Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• hawu!
• I-Peridot
• I-Alexandrite
• I-Heliodor