Hlangana namadayimane amakhulu atholakala emhlabeni

idayimane kubangela ukutuswa okukhulu nemizwelo, kubonakala sengathi kuyinto ewumlingo, eyimfihlakalo - futhi iwuhlobo nje lwekhabhoni efomini elicwebezelayo. Lokhu itshe eliyigugu kakhulungoba ngokuvamile ibonakala kuphela ekujuleni kwamamitha angaphezu kwekhulu namashumi amahlanu ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba. Idayimane lakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa eliphezulu kakhulu nokucindezela. Lokhu into enzima kakhulu emhlabeniNgenxa yalokhu, ngaphezu kobucwebe, ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo embonini.

Umlando Omfishane Wedayimane

Uma selipholishiwe, idayimane liba yinto ekhazimulayo, ekhazimulayo kahle, limsulwa futhi liphelele, yingakho liyitshe eliyigugu elifiseleka kakhulu futhi eliyigugu kubucwebe. Isikhathi eside le nto yayiyigugu kakhulu. Ihlotshaniswa namazwe anjengeNdiya, iGibhithe, bese kuba yiGrisi, lapho la matshe alethwa khona ngu-Alexander Omkhulu - kanye ne-Afrika. U-Lodewijk van Berken ube ngowokuqala ukwethula indlela yokupholisha idayimane. Ezikhathini zakudala kwakukholelwa ukuthi itshe eliyigugu linamandla amakhulu ayimfihlo. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi ivikela izifo namademoni. Nokho, ngesimo esiyimpuphu, odokotela babeyisebenzisa ekwelapheni izifo ezihlukahlukene.

Idayimane elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni - Cullinan

Idayimane elikhulu kunawo wonke libizwa ngokuthi iCullinan. noma Inkanyezi Enkulu yase-Afrika. Yatholwa unogada wasemayini uFrederick Wells. Kwenzeke ePitoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Ucezu enguqulweni yokuqala lwalunesisindo esingu-3106 carats (621,2 amagremu!), Nobukhulu balo 10x6x5 cm.

Ngokusobala, ekuqaleni yayinkulu nakakhulu, yahlukaniswa - ngubani noma yini, akwaziwa. Nokho, kamuva itshe alizange lihlale likulobu bukhulu. Uhulumeni waseTransvaal wathenga leli gugu ngo-£150. Ngo-000, yanikezwa i-King Edward VII ngosuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwama-1907. INkosi u-Edward yayala inkampani yamaDashi ukuba ihlukanise itshe libe yizicucu ezingu-66 - ezincane ezingu-105 nezingu-96 ezinkulu, ezacutshungulwa. Zanikelwa kumgcinimafa waseLondon, kwase kuthi, kusukela ngo-6, zahlotshiswa ngezimpawu zombuso ngendlela yedayimane.

Imayini eyinhloko - idayimane elikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni laseCullinan litholakale lapha

UCullinan watholwa eMayini yePremier (kusukela ngo-2003 yaqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi iCullinan eNingizimu Afrika), etholakala endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-25 empumalanga yenhloko-dolobha yaseNingizimu Afrika iPitoli. Idayimane latholakala ngo-1905, ngaphansi kweminyaka emi-2 ngemva kokuqala ukusebenza ngokugcwele kwemayini, okuyinto emlandweni wayo wekhulu leminyaka inenani elikhulu lamadayimane angama-rough ngaphezu kwama-carats angu-100 (amatshe angaphezu kuka-300) nangaphezulu kuka-25% wabo bonke. amadayimane rough. angaphezu kuka-400 carats ake avubukulwa.

Amadayimane adumile ambiwa eMayini yePremier Mine ahlanganisa:

1) Taylor-Burton (240,80 carats); 2) UNdunankulu uRose (353,90 carats); 3) Niarchos (426,50 carats); 4) Ikhulunyaka (599,10 carats); 5) IJubili Legolide (755,50, 6 carats); 27,64) Inhliziyo Yaphakade (amakharati angu-11), amadayimane aluhlaza okujulile namanye angu-XNUMX aluhlaza akha i-De Beers Millennium Collection edumile iDe Beers.

uNdunankulu wami iminyaka eyikhulu liye ladlula ezimeni ezinzima. Yavalwa okokuqala eminyakeni emibili ngemva kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala ngo-1914. Imayini, eyaziwa embonini ngokuthi "Great Depression" noma "Great Hole", yavalwa futhi ngo-1932. Wayevulekile. futhi yavalwa (nayo ayizange isebenze ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili) yaqala ukulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwayo kwaze kwaba ngu-1977, lapho ithathwa uDe Beers. Ngemva kokubanjwa, kwathathwa isinqumo esiyingozi sokubhodloza ungqimba lwamatshe entaba-mlilo elingamamitha angu-70, luvimbe ukufinyelela emadwaleni e-kimberlite atholakala ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-550 kushimula we-kimberlite, lolu hlelo luphinde lwabandakanya ukuxhashazwa okwalandela kwamadwala e-kimberlite, noma kunalokho, umhlaba ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka - umhlaba ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuyi-breccia enedayimane, uma kutholakala kuphela idiphozi yedayimane, ukuxhashazwa okungaba inzuzo ngokwezomnotho. Ubungozi bakhokha futhi imayini yaqala ukukhokha. Ngo-2004, imayini yaseCullinan yakhiqiza ama-carats ayizigidi ezingu-1,3 zamadayimane. Njengamanje, idiphozithi isetshenziswa ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-763, kanti ucwaningo lwe-geological kanye nomsebenzi wokulungiselela uyaqhubeka ukujulisa umgodi ekujuleni okungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1100 20. Lokhu kuzovumela ukumbiwa kwedayimane emayini edume kakhulu emhlabeni. enwetshiwe eminye iminyaka engama-25-XNUMX.

Umlando nesiphetho sedayimane elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni

Ngomhla zingama-26 kuMasingana, 1905, imenenja kaNdunankulu, uCaptain Frederick Wells, wathola ikristalu enkulu yedayimane ekucindezelekeni okuncane emaphethelweni enkwali. Izindaba zokutholakala kwalokhu zathinta amaphephandaba ngokushesha, ezilinganisela inani ledayimane elilinganiselwa ezigidini ezi-4-100 zamaRandi, okuholele ekwenyukeni okungazelelwe kwesiteki sikaPremier (Transvaal) Diamond Mining Ltd ngama-80%. ikristalu yaseCullinan etholakele yokuhlonipha uSir Thomas Major Cullinan, umqondisi wenkampani nomhloli wezimayini.

U-TM Cullinan wabonakala ngo-1887 eGoli (eNingizimu Afrika) njengomunye wabahlanganyeli abaningi "ekugijimeni kwegolide", okwaletha izinkulungwane zabavukuzi begolide kanye nabavakashi eNingizimu Afrika. U-Cullinan othakazelisayo waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokuba usomabhizinisi ngokwakha amakamu ezivakashi ezivela kuwo wonke umhlaba, kwase kuba amadolobhana namadolobhana, lapho enza khona ingcebo. Ekuqaleni kwawo-90s, yena neqembu labangane bakhe basungula i-Driekopjes Diamond Meeting Co., eyathola amadayimane amaningana, futhi imisebenzi yayo yaphazanyiswa ngoNovemba 1899 ngokugqashuka kwempi phakathi kwamaBhunu (amaBhunu, inzalo yamakoloni angamaDashi. owazinza ngekhulu le-1902 eNingizimu Afrika) namaNgisi (okuthiwa iMpi Yesibili yamaBhunu). Ngemva kwempi, uCullinan, ngenkathi eqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokuhlola, wathola idiphozi yedayimane eyi-alluvial eduze nenhloko-dolobha yaseNingizimu Afrika yasePitoli eTransvaal, isifundazwe esasibuswa amaDashi ngaleso sikhathi. Idiphozithi yedayimane yondliwa ngamanzi emfudlana eminingi, imithombo yayo eyayisepulazini lase-Elandsfontein, eliphethwe nguW. Prinsloo. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, uPrinsloo ubelokhu enqaba izithembiso eziningi ezinenzuzo enkulu ukuze aphinde adayise ipulazi. Nokho, ukuphela kweMpi Yesibili Yamabhunu ngoMeyi XNUMX kanye nokudluliselwa kweTraswall ekulawuleni amaNgisi kwakusho ukuthi ipulazi lacekelwa phansi amabutho amaNgisi ayenqobile, lawela ekulimaleni kwezimali, futhi ngemva nje kwalokho, umnikazi walo washona ebumpofu.   

UCullinan unikeze izindlalifa zasePrinsloo u-£150 wamalungelo okuqashisa aphakade epulazini (akhokhwa ngezitolimende) noma u-$000 ngemali ukuze kudayiswe kabusha ipulazi. Ekugcineni, ngoNovemba 45, 000, uCullinan wathenga ipulazi ngo-£7 futhi waqamba kabusha inkampani yakhe i-Driekopjes Diamond Mining Premier (Transvaal) Diamond Mining Co. Phakathi kwabasunguli nabanikazi bamasheya benkampani kwakukhona uBernard Oppenheimer, umfowabo omdala ka-Ernest Oppenheimer, kamuva owaba umqondisi weDe Beers Consolidated Mines.

Phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili lase limbiwe. 187 carats amadayimane okuqinisekiswe ukutholakala koshimula ofanelekile we-kimberlite. NgoJuni 1903, abaphathi beTransvaal babeka intela engamaphesenti angama-60 enzuzweni yenkampani, okwathi ekupheleni konyaka isikhiqize amakharati angama-749 amadayimane abiza u-£653.

Ukutholakala kukaCullinan ngo-1905 kwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu.okwaba yisisekelo sezibalo eziningi nezinhle kakhulu, imibono nezindaba. Ngokwesibonelo, engxoxweni, uDkt. Molengraaff, usihlalo weKhomishana Yezimayini yaseNingizimu Afrika, wathi "uCullinan uyingxenye eyodwa kwezine zezingcezu zekristalu ezitholakele, futhi izingcezu ezi-3 ezisele ezinobukhulu obufanayo zasala edwaleni." Nokho, lolu lwazi alukaqinisekiswa.

Ngo-April 1905, uCullinan wathunyelwa ku-London Prime Minister's (Transvaal) Diamond Meeting Co., S. Neuman & Co., lapho ahlala khona iminyaka emibili, ngoba kwathatha isikhathi esingakanani iKomidi Lezomthetho laseTranswald ukuthi linqume ukuthenga idayimane. . Ngaleso sikhathi abaholi bamaBhunu, oJenene L. Botha kanye no-J. Smuts, babexoxisana neziphathimandla zamaNgisi ukuze bafake ingcindezi kukhomishana nokuvuma kwayo ukudayiswa kwetshe. Ekugcineni, ukungenelela komuntu siqu kwe-Under-Secretary for the Colonies, kamuva owaba nguNdunankulu wase-United Kingdom. IGreat Britain W. Churchill, ngenxa yemvume yekhomishini ngo-August 2, yokuthengisa iCullinan ngo-1907 150. Amapondo. Inkosi yaseBrithani iNkosi u-Edward II, ngomlomo kaNobhala Wezwe we-Lord Elgin Wezwe WamaKoloni, izwakalise intando evinjelwe futhi yazinikela ngokuzithandela ukwamukela idayimane njengesipho "njengobufakazi bokwethembeka nokunamathela kwabantu baseTransvaal esihlalweni sobukhosi kanye inkosi."

Ingxabano ngesisindo sedayimane elikhulu kunawo wonke

Noma kunjalo I-Cullinan ingelinye lamadayimane adume kakhulu emlandweni.Nakuba izakhiwo kanye nemvelaphi yayo kubhalwe kahle, kube nempikiswano enkulu mayelana nobuningi bayo. Bavela ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokumiswa kweyunithi yesisindo kuma-carat. "I-English carat", ehambisana nesisindo esingu-0,2053 g, kanye "ne-Dutch carat" ye-0,2057 g yayihluke ngokucacile "ku-metric carat" ye-0,2000 g.

UCullinan wakalwa ngokushesha lapho isisindo sitholakala ehhovisi lamaqabane kaNdunankulu. 3024,75 amakharati esiNgisiwabe esekala ehhovisi laseLondon lenkampani wayenesisindo esingama-3025,75 carats esiNgisi. Umehluko we-carat eyodwa kuleli cala wavela ngenxa yokuntuleka kokugunyazwa okusemthethweni nokuphoqelekile kwezisindo nezikali. UCullinan walinganiswa ngaphambi nje kokuhlukana e-J. Asscher & Co. e-Amsterdam ngo-1908 yayinesisindo esingu-3019,75 Dutch carats noma 3013,87 English carats (2930,35 metric carats).

I-Cullinan yokusika idayimane

Ukutholakala kweCullinan eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1905 kwaqondana nemizamo kaJenene L. Boti kanye nesikhulu sombuso waseNingizimu Afrika u-J. Smuts ukwakha iNyunyana yaseNingizimu Afrika. Bakwazi ukuthonya uhulumeni waseTransvaal ukuthi anikeze iCullinan eNkosini Edward VII yaseNgilandi (r. 1901-1910) njengesipho sosuku lokuzalwa ngomhla ka-9 Novemba 1907. Lesi sipho ngaleso sikhathi besibiza u-$150. I-pound sterling yayinethemba lokuthi idayimane, ngenani layo, izomelela "i-Afrika enkulu" efuna ukuba yingxenye ebalulekile yomqhele waseBrithani.

J. Asher & Co. Ngo-February 6, 1908, waqala ukuhlola idayimane, okwaveza ukuba khona kokuhlanganisa okubili okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezine zocwaningo ukuze kutholakale isiqondiso sokuhlukaniswa, inqubo yokuhlukanisa yaqala. Ummese waphuka ngesikhathi sokuqala, idayimane laphuka kabili ngesikhathi se-try elandelayo. Enye yazo yayinesisindo esingu-1977,50 1040,50 kanti enye yayine-2029,90 1068,89 Dutch carats (14 1908 kanye ne-2 1908 metric carats ngokulandelana). Ngo-February 29, 20, idayimane elikhudlwana laphinde lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye ezimbili. Ukugaywa kweCullinan I kwaqala ngo-March 7, 12, futhi ukugaywa kweCullinan II kwaqala ngo-May 1908 ngawo lowo nyaka. Yonke inqubo yokucubungula idayimane yayilawulwa umsiki oneminyaka engu-1908 wesipiliyoni somsebenzi u-H. Koe. Umsebenzi kuCullinan I wathatha izinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyi-14 futhi waphothulwa ngoSepthemba XNUMX, XNUMX, kuyilapho iCullinan II kanye nawo wonke amanye amadayimane “amakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye” apholishwa ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, XNUMX. Izigayo ezintathu zisebenze amahora angu-XNUMX lilinye, zigaya amatshe. nsuku zonke.

UCullinan I kanye no-II bethulwe ku-King Edward VII e-Windsor Palace ngomhla zingama-21 kuMfumfu we-1908. Inkosi yafaka amadayimane ematsheni ayigugu, futhi inkosi yaqamba enkulu kunazo zonke ngokuthi iNkanyezi Enkulu yase-Afrika. Amanye amatshe ayeyizipho ezivela enkosini eziya emndenini wasebukhosini: UCullinan VI wayeyisipho kumkakhe, iNdlovukazi u-Alexandra, kanti amadayimane asele ayeyisipho kumshana weNdlovukazi uMariya ngesikhathi sokugcotshwa komyeni wakhe uGeorge V njengeNkosi yesizwe. ENgilandi.

I-Cullinan yonke eluhlaza yachotshozwa 9 amatshe amakhulu anesisindo esiphelele sama-carat angu-1055,89., ibalwa kusukela ku-I kuya ku-IX, eyaziwa ngokuthi "isishiyagalolunye ezinkulu", kukhona amadayimane amancane angu-96 anesisindo esiphelele se-7,55 carats kanye ne-9,50 carats yezingcezu ezingasikiwe. Njengomvuzo wokupholisha uJ. Asher, wathola amadayimane amancane angu-96. Ngezintengo zamanje zamadayimane asikiwe, u-Usher uthole isamba esingenangqondo sezinkulungwane ezimbalwa zamadola ase-US ngezinkonzo zakhe. Wonke amadayimane uwadayisele amakhasimende ahlukene, okuhlanganisa noNdunankulu waseNingizimu Afrika uLouis Botha kanye no-Arthur no-Alexander Levy, abadayisi bedayimane abadumile abazinze eLondon.

Izici Gemological of Cullian

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-80, abenzi bobucwebe bomqhele baseGarrard & Co. ahlala ehlanzekile futhi, uma kudingekile, alungise Amagugu OMbuso WaseBrithani ayegcinwe eMbhoshongweni WaseLondon ngo-February. Ngo-1986-89, ngaphezu kokulondolozwa kwamatshe ayigugu, ucwaningo lwabo lwenziwa futhi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kuka-A. Jobbins, umqondisi wesikhathi eside we-Gem Testing Laboratory yaseGreat Britain - GTLGB (manje eyi-GTLGA - Gem Testing Laboratory of I-Great Britain). -KODWA). Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo yanyatheliswa ngo-1998 encwadini enemiqulu emibili enesihloko esithi The Crown Jewels: A History of the Crown Jewels in the Tower of London Jewel House, eyanyatheliswa ngamakhophi angu-650 nje kuphela ngenani lika-£1000.

Cullinan I - izici

Idayimane lenziwe nge-hag yegolide eliphuzi, ethweswe umqhele ngentonga yobukhosi esekela umqhele onesiphambano. Intonga yenziwa ngo-1660-61 kodwa seyenziwe yaba yesimanje izikhathi eziningana, ikakhulukazi ngo-1910 lapho yakhiwe ngabacwebi be-Garrard & Co. Cullinan I.

• isisindo - 530,20 carats.
• Uhlobo kanye nesimo sokusika - fancy, okukhazimulayo okumise okweconsi okunamacici angama-75 (ama-41 emqhele, angama-34 egcekeni), i-rondist enesici.
• ubukhulu - 58,90 x 45,40 x 27,70 mm.
• umbala - D (ngokwesikali se-GIA), uMfula + (ngokwesilinganiso seMigomo Endala).
• ukuhlanzeka - akuchazwanga ngokucacile, kodwa itshe lifakwe ekilasini le-Air Force.
• Inalokhu okulandelayo izimpawu zokuzalwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle (Fig. 1):

1) imikhondo emithathu emincane ye-chip: eyodwa kumqhele oseduze nesibabule kanye nemibili endaweni ye-pavilion e-bevel eyinhloko ye-pavilion eduze ne-collet; 2) i-bevel eyengeziwe ohlangothini lwe-Rondist lomqhele; 3) indawo encane ye-granularity yangaphakathi engenambala eduze kwe-rondist.

• Idayimane elisikiwe, kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezizathu eziningi zomlando nezomzwelo alikwazi ukwenziwa (inani eliyingqayizivele lomlando, iparele lomqhele, uphawu lwamandla oMbuso WaseBrithani, njll.), bekuyoba nesisindo esincane, kodwa ngabe ibalwe phakathi isigaba esiphezulu se-purity FL (Engenasici).
• izilinganiso kanye nekhwalithi yokusika - azichazwanga ngokucacile.
• vutha - okubuthakathaka, okumpunga okuluhlaza emisebeni ye-ultraviolet yamaza amafushane.
• i-phosphorescence - buthaka, luhlaza isikhathi eside kakhulu cishe imizuzu eyi-18.
• i-spectrum yokumuncwa - ejwayelekile yohlobo lwedayimane lwe-II, ngokumuncwa okuphelele kwemisebe engaphansi kuka-236 nm (Fig. 2).
• i-infrared spectrum - ejwayelekile yamadayimane ahlanzekile ngaphandle kokungcola, okuyingxenye ye-IIa (Fig. 3).
• okusho - INANI.

Cullinan II - izici

Idayimane lenziwe nge-hag ngegolide eliphuzi, okuwumgogodla womqhele waseBrithani. Umqhele wenziwa ngo-1838 kwathi iCullinan II yafakwa kuwo ngo-1909. Ukubukeka kwesimanje komqhele kusukela ngo-1937, lapho ekugcotshweni kukaGeorge VI wakhiwa kabusha ngabacwebi baseGarrard & Co., base belungiswa. ngo-1953 yiNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II (ubude bakhe bancipha kakhulu).

• isisindo - 317,40 carats.
• uhlobo kanye nesimo sokusikwa - idayimane elimnandi, elidala, elibizwa ngokuthi "i-antique" (eng. Umgubho) elinamacici angu-66 (33 ngalinye kumqhele kanye nenkundla), i-rondist ehlukahlukene.
• ubukhulu - 45,40 x 40,80 x 24,20 mm.
• umbala - D (ngokwesikali se-GIA), uMfula + (ngokwesilinganiso seMigomo Endala).
• ukuhlanzeka - njengoba kwenzeka kuCullinan I, kwakungekho ncazelo ecacile, kodwa itshe lingelesigaba se-Air Force. Inezici ezilandelayo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle (Fig. 4):

1) amathrekhi amabili amancane we-chip ohlangothini olungaphambili lwengilazi; 2) imihuzuko ekhanyayo engilazini; 3) i-bevel encane eyengeziwe ku-chamfer eduze nesibabule kusukela ohlangothini lwe-pavilion; 4) izingozi ezimbili ezincane (imigodi), exhunywe iminonjana encane ye-chip emaphethelweni ohlangothini olungaphambili lwengilazi kanye nomqhele omkhulu; 5) i-dent encane ohlangothini lwe-rondist lomqhele eduze ne-rondist, exhunywe nemvelo.

• Idayimane eliphucuziwe njengeCullinan ngizohlukaniswa njenge isigaba esiphezulu se-purity FL (Engenasici).
• izilinganiso kanye nekhwalithi yokusika - azichazwanga ngokucacile.
• vutha - okubuthakathaka, okumpunga okuluhlaza emisebeni ye-ultraviolet yamaza amafushane.
• i-phosphorescence - buthaka, eluhlaza; uma kuqhathaniswa neCullinan I, yayihlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu, imizuzwana embalwa kuphela. Njengoba amadayimane amabili enqunywe ku-crystal eyodwa, isenzakalo sokukhanya kwelinye lamatshe ngokungabikho kwe-phosphorescence kwelinye kuyathakazelisa kakhulu futhi izizathu zalo azikakacaciswa.
• i-spectrum yokumuncwa - okujwayelekile kumadayimane ohlobo lwe-II, ebonakala ngebhande elincane lokumunca elinenani eliphakeme ku-wavelength ye-265 nm kanye nokumuncwa okuphelele kwemisebe engaphansi kuka-236 nm (Fig. 2).
• i-infrared spectrum - njengaku-Cullinan I, okujwayelekile kumadayimane ahlanzekile ngaphandle kokungcola, okuhlukaniswa njengohlobo lwe-IIa (Fig. 3).
• okusho - INANI

Ilayisi. I-3 Cullinan I kanye ne-II - i-spectrum yokumuncwa kwe-infrared (ngokwe-The Cullinan Diamond Centennial K. Scarratt & R. Shor, Gems & Gemmology, 2006)

Ku-3106 carats, iCullinan iyidayimane elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ngo-2005, sekudlule iminyaka engu-2008 kusukela ngosuku lokutholwa kwayo, futhi eminyakeni engu-530,20 - kusukela ngosuku eyapholishwa ngalo ngu-J. Asher. I-546,67 carat Cullinan I ingeyesibili ukusika ngobukhulu ngemuva kwedayimane elinsundu le-546,67 carat Golden Jubilee elitholwe eMayini yePremier, i-post-Golden Jubilee 1990 carat diamond brown etholwe e-Premier Mine (Cullinan) (eNingizimu Afrika) futhi yasikwa ngo-XNUMX, i-Cullinan I iseyidayimane elikhulu kunawo wonke elingenambala. I-Cullinan I kanye ne-II ingamagugu adume kakhulu emhlabeni, eheha izigidi zezivakashi e-Tower Museum eLondon minyaka yonke. Bahlala endaweni evelele futhi ebaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwamaCrown Jewels of Great Britain, futhi ngenxa yomlando wabo ocebile, bahlala bewuphawu oluyinganekwane loMbuso WaseBrithani ekuphakameni kwamandla awo.

I-Big Nine of the Greatest Diamonds - The Cullinans

Cullinan I (Inkanyezi Enkulu Yase-Afrika) - ukwehla okungu-530,20 carat okufakwe entweni Yobukhosi (yasebukhosini) enesiphambano, okwamanje eqoqweni loMbhoshongo waseLondon.UCullinan II (Inkanyezi Yesibili yase-Afrika) iyi-antique engunxande engu-317,40 carat, eyakhiwe yi-Imperial State Crown, okwamanje eqoqweni le-Tower of London.UCullinan III - iconsi elinesisindo esingu-94,40 carats elifakwe umqhele weNdlovukazi uMary, umkaNkosi uGeorge V; okwamanje eqoqweni langasese leNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II.UCullinan IV - i-antique yesikwele enesisindo esingu-63,60 carats eyakhiwe ngumqhele weNdlovukazi uMariya, unkosikazi weNkosi uGeorge V; okwamanje eqoqweni langasese leNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II.UCullinan V - inhliziyo engu-18,80 carat eyakhiwe yi-brooch okungeyeNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II.UCullinan VI - I-Marquise enesisindo esingu-11,50 carats, eyakhiwe ngomgexo okungeyeNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II.UCullinan VII - isisitho selanga esingama-carat angu-8,80 esakhiwe yi-Cullinan VIII elengayo okungeyeNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II.UCullinan VIII - i-antique eguquliwe enesisindo samakharati angu-6,80 efakwe u-Cullinan VII endaweni elengayo okungeyeNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II.UCullinan IX - unyembezi olunesisindo esingu-4,39 carats olufakwe indandatho yeNdlovukazi uMary, unkosikazi weNkosi uGeorge V; okwamanje eqoqweni langasese leNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II.

Zikuphi namuhla futhi zisetshenziswa kanjani ama-cullinans, amadayimane amakhulu kunawo wonke?

Umlando weCullinan uxhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nomlando Wamagugu Obucwebe BaseBrithani.. Emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka, imiqhele emibili yayisetshenziselwa ukugcotshwa kwamakhosi nezindlovukazi zamaNgisi, umqhele wombuso kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umqhele ka-Edward", umqhele wokubekwa kukaCharles II. Lo mqhele wawusetshenziswa njengomqhele wokubekwa kuze kube yisikhathi sikaGeorge III (1760-1820). Ngesikhathi sokugcotshwa kwendodana yeNdlovukazi uVictoria, iNkosi u-Edward VII (1902), leli siko lalifuna ukubuyiselwa. Nokho, njengoba inkosi yayilulama ekuguleni okubi kakhulu, umqhele osindayo, owawuthwalwa kuphela ngesikhathi sodwendwe lobukhosi, walahlwa. Isiko laqalwa kabusha kuphela ngokugcotshwa kwendodana ka-Edward, iNkosi uGeorge V, owabusa kusukela ngo-1910-1936. Ngesikhathi somcimbi wokubekwa, umqhele ka-Edward wawuhlala ushintshisana ukuze uthole umqhele wombuso. Ngokunjalo kwathweswa imiqhele iNkosi uGeorge VI (washona ngo-1952) kanye nendodakazi yakhe, iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth II, esabusa nanamuhla.Umlando we-Imperial State Crown uqala ngeNdlovukazi uVictoria, owabusa kusukela ngo-1837 kuya ku-1901. Njengoba engazithandisisi izicoco zabesifazane ezikhona, ucele ukuthi enzelwe isicoco esisha sokuthweswa kwakhe. Ngakho wayala ukususa amatshe ayigugu kwamanye ama-regalia amadala futhi awahlobise ngomqhele omusha - umqhele wombuso. Ngesikhathi somcimbi wokugcotshwa, uVictoria wayegqoke umqhele omusha owenzelwe yena ngokukhethekile. Lelitshe eliyigugu elimangalisayo neliwubukhazikhazi laliwuphawu olukhazimulayo nolungavamile lwamandla e-Victorian. Kusukela iCullinan yatholakala futhi yapholishwa, i-Cullinan I enkulu kunazo zonke manje isihlobisa intonga yobukhosi yaseBrithani, uCullinan II wakhiwe ngaphambili komqhele woMbuso WaseBrithani, futhi. UCullinan III no-IV banezelwa ubukhazikhazi emqhele weNdlovukazi uMary, umkaNkosi uGeorge V.

Idayimane lesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni - Millennium Star

Idayimane Lesibili Elingavamile kwaba Inkanyezi Yeminyaka Eyinkulungwane. Wazalelwa ku-nugget, ubukhulu bayo obufinyelela ku-777 carats. Kwatholakala eDemocratic Republic of the Congo ngo-1999. Namanje akwaziwa ukuthi ngubani owathola le ngcebo. Kwenziwa imizamo yokufihla iqiniso lokuthola le ngcebo, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Ngenxa yenombolo yomlingo, kwakukholelwa ukuthi leli tshe liletha inhlanhla. Lapho le ndawo ejabulisayo itholwa, izinkulungwane zama-daredevils zaphuthuma ziyofuna elinye idayimane - kodwa akekho omunye owake walithola.

Inkampani edumile iDe Bers yathenga leli gugu. Khona-ke i-nugget yenziwa umsebenzi omude futhi onzima - ukusika idayimane nokupholishwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngemva kokucubungula, leli tshe eliyigugu elimangalisayo lathengiswa. 16 nengxenye zamaRandi.

Idayimane lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni - Regent

Elinye idayimane elimangalisayo libizwa i-regent noma usozigidi kwakungubukhulu 410 carat. Ngaphezu kwesisindo sayo esimangalisayo, bekubuye kube sibonga esiyingqayizivele ukusika okuphelele. Yatholwa ngo-1700. Ngenxa yoMbusi waseMadras, yanikezwa eYurophu. ELondon, leli dayimane lasikwa labe selithengwa isikhulu saseFrance. Leli diamond libhekwa njengeliphelele kakhulu ngokusika.

Ngesikhathi seNguquko YaseFrance, leli dayimane lebiwa ngeshwa. Ayizange ibuyiselwe kwaze kwaba ngu-1793. BekuseLouvre kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, kanye namatshe ayigugu okwakungamakhosi aseFrance.

Amanye amadayimane adumile emhlabeni

Uyazibuza ukuthi anjani amanye amadayimane adumile namangalisayo emhlabeni? Nalu uhlu oluphelele lwezibaluleke kakhulu:  

Amadayimane adume kakhulu emhlabeni aboniswa emfanekisweni:

1. UMogul Omkhulu,

2. i 11. regent,

3. kanye no-5. U-Diament Florensky,

4th and 12th Stars of the South,

6. Sancy,

7. I-Dresden Green Diamond,

8th and 10th Koh-i-Nur esike esidala nesisha,

9. Ithemba liyidayimane eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka

Amadayimane Adumile - Isifinyezo

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, amadayimane akwazi ukuphendula amakhanda, imicabango ethathekile futhi evusa amaphupho okunethezeka nengcebo. Babekwazi ukukhanga, ukudida nokumcindezela umuntu - futhi lokhu kusenjalo nanamuhla.

Funda futhi izindatshana ngesihloko esithi "ubucwebe obukhulu kakhulu / obudume kakhulu" namagugu emhlabeni:

Izindandatho zomshado ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni

Izindandatho zomshado ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni

I-TOP5 yegolide enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni

I-amber enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - yayinjani?