Incazelo yamagugu emlandweni

Njengoba amatshe ayigugu eba imihlobiso, ngokushesha kwenziwa imizamo yokuwahlukanisa ngezigaba. amatshe amahle kakhulu namabi kakhuluВ yigugu kakhulu futhi elingaphansi. Lokhu kufakazelwa amarekhodi omlando ahlukahlukene. Siyazi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi abaseBabiloni nabase-Asiriya bahlukanisa amatshe abawaziyo aba amaqembu amathathu anenani elingalingani. Eyokuqala, eyigugu kakhulu, kwakungamatshe ahlobene namaplanethi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amadayimane ahlotshaniswa neMercury, amasafire ahlotshaniswa ne-Uranus, i-turquoise ne-Saturn, ama-opals ane-Jupiter, nama-amethysts anoMhlaba. Iqembu lesibili - elimise okwenkanyezi, lalihlanganisa ama-garnet, ama-agate, ama-topazes, i-heliodor, i-hyacinth nabanye. Iqembu lesithathu - lasemhlabeni, lakhiwa amaparele, inhlaka namakhorali.

Ayephathwa kanjani amatshe ayigugu esikhathini esidlule?

Isimo sasihlukile eNdiya, lapho ngokuyisisekelo izinhlobo ezimbili zamatshe ziye zahlukaniswa - amadayimane kanye ne-corundum (amarubi namasafire). Kakade ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX BC, isazi sefilosofi esikhulu saseNdiya kanye nochwepheshe wamatshe kaKautilya emsebenzini wakhe onesihloko esithi "Isayensi Yokusebenzisa (Izinzuzo)" wahlukanisa amaqembu amane amadayimane. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakungamadayimane acacile futhi angenambala "njenge-rock crystal", okwesibili kwakungamadayimane ansundu-aphuzi "njengamehlo kanogwaja", okwesithathu "kwakuluhlaza okotshani", kanti okwesine kwakungamadayimane "anemibala yamaShayina". Rose". Imizamo efanayo yokuhlukanisa amatshe yenziwa ongqondongqondo abakhulu basendulo, eGrisi nguTheocritus kaSirac, uPlato, u-Aristotle, uTheophrastus, eRoma nabanye. USolinius noPliny Omdala. Laba bamuva babheka amatshe ayigugu kakhulu "akhanya ngokukhazimula okukhulu" noma "ebonisa umbala wabo waphezulu." Wawabiza ngamatshe "abesilisa" ngokungafani namatshe "abesifazane", ngokuvamile "ayephaphathekile futhi anobuhlakani obuphakathi". Imizamo efanayo yokuhlukanisa amatshe ingatholakala kubabhali abaningi benkathi ephakathi.

Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakunenkolelo eyaziwa kakhulu emandulo ukuthi amatshe ayigugu anezakhiwo eziwusizo kakhulu, okungaba nomthelela omuhle esiphethweni somuntu, ikakhulukazi uma isetshenziswa ngendlela yeziphandla kanye nama-talismans. Kwakuyilo mbono wamandla omlingo wamatshe owagcizelelwa ngokukhethekile ababhali benkathi ephakathi kuyo yonke imizamo yokuhlukanisa ngezigaba. Ngakho-ke, amatshe aqala ukuhlukaniswa, amandla e-causal ayemancane. Futhi lokhu kwakuyisinyathelo sokuhlukanisa amatshe abe amatshe afinyeleleka kumademoni namatshe amelana nesenzo semimoya emibi.

Amandla Angajwayelekile Abangelwa Amagugu

Ngokumelene nokwasemuva kwakho konke lokhu okuthandwayo okungaqondakali noma imilingo, umsebenzi ka-Al-Biruni (Abu Reykhan Biruni, 973-1048) udinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. uhlongoze umzamo ohluke ngokuphelele wokuhlukanisa amatshe. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakungamatshe abomvu (amarubi, ama-spinel, ama-garnet), iqembu lesibili eliyigugu elincane lalingamadayimane (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuqina kwawo!), Iqembu lesithathu lalingamaparele, amakhorali kanye nonina-weparele, iqembu lesine laliluhlaza. kanye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka (ama-emeralds , i-malachite, i-jade ne-lapis lazuli). Iqembu elihlukile lalihlanganisa izinto zomsuka wezinto eziphilayo, okuhlanganisa inhlaka nejethi, okufanele kubhekwe njengento efanelwe ukunakwa, kanye nokukhethwa kwengilazi ne-porcelain njengamatshe okwenziwa.

Amatshe ayigugu ngeNkathi Ephakathi

W dEkuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, imizamo yokuhlukanisa amatshe yayihlobene ikakhulukazi nezici zabo zobuhle noma izintandokazi zamanje.. Amarekhodi omlando anikeza izibonelo zalokho okuthandwayo njengesisekelo sokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, amasafire aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nama-amethyst ansomi amnyama ayehlonishwa kakhulu. Ngesikhathi seRenaissance nangale kwalokho - amarubi, amasafire, amadayimane nama-emerald. Kwakukhona nezikhathi lapho amadayimane namaparele kwakuphakathi kwamatshe ayigugu kakhulu. Umzamo wokuqala wesimanje wokuhlukanisa amadwala wethulwa ngo-1860 yi-mineralogist yaseJalimane u-C. Kluge. Wahlukanisa amatshe awaziwa abe ngamaqembu amabili: amatshe ayigugu namatshe ayigugu. Kuwo womabili amaqembu, wakhomba izigaba ezi-5 zamanani. Amatshe ayigugu kakhulu (I-class) ahlanganisa idayimane, i-corundum, i-chrysoberyl kanye nama-spinel, okungenani ayigugu (i-V class) ahlanganisa: i-jet, i-jade, i-serpentine, i-alabaster, i-malachite, i-rhodochrosite.

Amatshe Ayigugu Emlandweni Wanamuhla

Umqondo othize ohluke futhi owandiswe ngokuphawulekayo wokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba wethulwa ngo-1920 yi-mineralogist yaseRussia kanye nesazi segemologist u-A. Fersman, futhi ngawo-70s. kanye nabanye ososayensi baseRussia (B. Marenkov, V. Sobolev, E. Kevlenko, A. Churup) imibandela ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nesimiso senani esivezwa ukutholakala okungavamile, izitayela nokuthandwayo okuphawulwe eminyakeni edlule, kanye nezinye izici zomzimba namakhemikhali ezifana ubulukhuni, ukuhambisana, ukucaca, umbala nokunye. Umphumela ofinyelela kude kakhulu wale ndlela kwaba ukuhlukaniswa okuhlongozwa ngu-A. Churup. Wahlukanisa amatshe abe yizigaba ezi-3: ubucwebe (obuyigugu), ubucwebe-okuhlobisa nokuhlobisa. Ubucwebe (ayigugu) amatshe kwasekuqaleni amakristalu akhiwe kahle (amakristalu awodwa) futhi akuvamile ukuba ahlanganiswe namazinga ahlukahlukene e-automorphism. Amatshe aleli klasi ahlukaniswa ngumlobi ngamaqembu amaningana, ngokusekelwe kuzinqubo zobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nobulukhuni. Ngenxa yalokhu, idayimane yayisendaweni yokuqala, ngaphansi kwezinhlobonhlobo ze-corundum, i-beryllium, i-chrysoberyl, i-tourmaline, i-spinel, i-garnet nabanye.

Abekwe eqeleni, njengokungathi ikilasi elihlukile amatshe anemiphumela ye-opticalnjengomdlalo wemibala (ukukhanya), i-opalescence, ukukhanya (ukukhanya) - ama-opals ayigugu, i-moonstone, i-labrador, kanye ne-turquoise esezingeni eliphansi, amakhorali ayigugu namaparele. Iqembu lesibili, eliphakathi phakathi kwamatshe ayigugu futhi okuhlobisa, lihlanganisa amatshe obulukhuni obuphakathi noma obuphansi, kodwa ukubumbana okuphezulu, kanye namatshe ombala oqinile noma owenziwe ngephethini (i-jade, i-agate, amehlo e-falcon kanye ne-tiger, i-lapis lazuli, i-streamers, njll.) . Isiphakamiso saleli qembu, njengokungathi, phakathi kobucwebe nokuhlobisa, kwakuyisithelo kusiko lokuhlobisa lasendulo lomlobi. Iqembu lesithathu lihlanganisa amatshe okuhlobisa, umbhali ulinganise wonke amanye amatshe anezimfanelo zokuhlobisa ezimbi kakhulu kunalezo ezishiwo, kanye namatshe obunzima obuphansi, ngaphansi nangaphezulu kancane kuka-3 esikalini se-Mohs. Ukwamukelwa kwezinqubo zobuchwepheshe njengesisekelo sokuhlukaniswa kwamatshe akukwazanga ukunikeza imiphumela emihle. Isistimu ehlongozwayo ibingaxhunywanga kakhulu namaqiniso obucwebe, okuyizinto zokuhlukanisa ngezigaba ezibalulekile njengokubaluleka kwetshe eliyigugu, ukutholakala okungavamile noma izakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nemiphumela yokubona, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kanye nezakhiwo ze-microphysical namakhemikhali zamatshe. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zigaba azizange zifakwe ekuhlukaniseni, isiphakamiso sika-A. Churupa, nakuba sesimanje futhi sinembile ngokwethiyori ekwakhiweni kwaso okuvamile, asizange sisetshenziswe ekusebenzeni. Ngakho-ke kwakungenye yeziningi - esakazwa kabanzi ePoland - imizamo engaphumelelanga yokuhlukanisa amatshe.

Njengamanje, ngenxa yokungabikho kwayo, ama-gemologists asebenzisa izincazelo ezijwayelekile kakhulu nezinganembile. Futhi ngakho eqenjini lamatshe:

1) yigugu - lezi zihlanganisa ikakhulukazi amaminerali akhiwa ngokwemvelo ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ezibonakala ngezakhiwo zomzimba ezihlala njalo kanye nokumelana okuphezulu nezinto zamakhemikhali. Lawa matshe, asikwe kahle, ahlukaniswa nezimfanelo eziphakeme zobuhle nezokuhlobisa (umbala, ukugqama, ukugqama neminye imiphumela yokubona). 2) zokuhlobisa - kuhlanganisa amatshe, ngokuvamile amatshe e-monomineral, amaminerali nezinto ezakheke emvelweni ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo (imvelaphi yemvelo) futhi ezinezici zomzimba ezingaguquki. Ngemuva kokupholisha, banezindawo zokuhlobisa. Ngokuvumelana nalokhu kuhlukaniswa, iqembu elikhethekile elikhethekile lamatshe okuhlobisa lihlanganisa amaparele emvelo, amaparele akhulisiwe, futhi muva nje futhi amber. Lo mehluko awunazo izizathu ezizwakalayo futhi ngokwezinjongo zezohwebo. Imvamisa ezincwadini zochwepheshe ungathola igama elithi "jewelry stones". Leli gama alibhekiseli kunoma yiliphi iqembu lamatshe, kodwa libonisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo okungenzeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amatshe obucwebe angaba kokubili amatshe ayigugu emvelo futhi okuhlobisa, namatshe okwenziwa noma imikhiqizo yokwenziwa engenawo ama-analogue ngokwemvelo, kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokulingiswa nokulingiswa.

Imiqondo elungile nechazwe kahle ye-gemological, amagama nemigomo, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwazo ngokwezigaba, kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhwebeni kobucwebe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi benza kube lula ukuxhumana futhi bavimbele izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuhlukumeza, ngamabomu nangengozi.

Kokubili izinhlangano ezibucayi ze-gemological kanye nohulumeni bamazwe amaningi bayakwazi lokhu, bezama ukulwa nalezi zenzakalo ezimbi ngokukhipha izinhlobo ezahlukene zezenzo zomthetho ezivikela imakethe yabathengi. Kodwa inkinga yokuhlanganisa amagama namatemu emhlabeni wonke iyinkinga enzimangakho-ke, akufanele kulindelwe ukuthi izoxazululwa ngokushesha. Ukuthi izokwenziwa futhi iqiniswe, nokuthi izoba yini izinga, kunzima ukubikezela namuhla.

Iqoqo Lolwazi - funda ngawo wonke amagugu

Bheka wethu iqoqo lolwazi mayelana nawo wonke amagugu esetshenziswa ubucwebe

• Idayimane / Idayimane
• Ruby
• amethyst
• I-Aquamarine
• Agate
• ametrine
• Sapphire
• Emerald
• I-Topaz
• Tsimofan
• Jadeite
• morganite
• hawu!
• I-Peridot
• I-Alexandrite
• I-Heliodor