I-Anarchism, i-libertarianism, umphakathi ongenazwe

I-Anarchism ifilosofi yezombangazwe noma iqembu lezimfundiso nezimo zengqondo ezigxile ekwenqatshweni kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokubusa ngempoqo (umbuso) nokwesekwa kokuqedwa kwayo. I-Anarchism ngomqondo wayo ojwayelekile inkolelo yokuthi zonke izinhlobo zikahulumeni azifuneki futhi kufanele ziqedwe.

I-Anarchism, indikimba yamakholwa ehlukene kakhulu yemibono emelene nokugunyazwa, ethuthuke ekushubeni phakathi kokuthambekela okubili okuphambene kakhulu: ukuzibophezela komuntu siqu ekuzilawuleni komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuzibophezela kweqembu elikhululeko lenhlalakahle. Lokhu kuthambekela akuzange kuhlanganiswe emlandweni wemicabango yenkululeko. Ngempela, ingxenye enkulu yekhulu leminyaka elidlule bavele baba khona kanyekanye ku-anarchism njengesivumokholo esincane sokuphikisana nombuso, hhayi njengesivumokholo esikhulu esakha uhlobo lomphakathi omusha ozokwakhiwa endaweni yawo. Okungasho ukuthi izikole ezahlukahlukene ze-anarchism azikho

zimelela izinhlobo eziqondile kakhulu zenhlangano yezenhlalo, nakuba ngokuvamile zihluke ngokuphawulekayo komunye nomunye. Eqinisweni, i-anarchism ngokuvamile yakhuthaza lokho u-Isaiah Berlin akubiza ngokuthi "inkululeko embi", okungukuthi "inkululeko" esemthethweni kunokuthi "inkululeko" yangempela. Ngempela, i-anarchism ivame ukugubha ukuzibophezela kwayo enkululekweni engemihle njengobufakazi bobuningi bayo, ukubekezelelana kwemibono, noma ubuciko bokusungula-noma ngisho, njengoba abasekeli abaningi bamuva besikhathi samanje bephikisene, ukungahambisani kwayo. Ukwehluleka kwe-Anarchism ukuxazulula lezi zingxabano, ukuveza ubuhlobo bomuntu neqoqo, kanye nokuveza izimo zomlando ezenza umphakathi we-anarchist ongenambuso ube nokwenzeka, kwadala izinkinga emcabangweni we-anarchist ezingakaxazululwa kuze kube namuhla.

“Ngomqondo obanzi, i-anarchism ingukwenqaba ukuphoqelelwa nokubusa ngazo zonke izinhlobo, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo zabapristi nama-plutocrats ... I-Anarchist ... izonda zonke izinhlobo zokugunyazwa, uyisitha se-parasism, ukuxhashazwa nokucindezelwa. I-anarchist izikhulula kukho konke okungcwele futhi yenza uhlelo olukhulu lokungcoliswa. "

Incazelo ye-anarchism: Mark Mirabello. Incwadi yezihlubuki nezigebengu. Oxford, England: Oxford Mandrake

Amanani ayisisekelo ku-anarchism

Naphezu kokuhlukana kwabo, ama-anarchists ngokuvamile avame uku:

(1) qinisekisa inkululeko njengenani eliwumongo; ezinye zengeza ezinye izindinganiso ezinjengobulungisa, ukulingana, noma inhlalakahle yomuntu;

(2) sigxeke umbuso njengongahambisani nenkululeko (kanye/noma amanye amanani); kanye ne

(3) ukuphakamisa uhlelo lokwakha umphakathi ongcono ngaphandle kombuso.

Iningi lezincwadi ze-anarchist libheka umbuso njengethuluzi lengcindezelo, elivame ukusetshenziswa abaholi bawo ukuze bazuze bona. Uhulumeni uvamise ukuhlaselwa, nakuba kungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngendlela efanayo nabanikazi abaxhaphazayo bezindlela zokukhiqiza ohlelweni lonxiwankulu, othisha abangontamo-lukhuni kanye nabazali abazidlayo. Ngobubanzi, ama-anarchists abheka noma yiluphi uhlobo lokugunyaza olungenasisekelo oluwukusetshenziswa kwesikhundla somuntu ukuze kuzuze yena, kunokuba kuzuze labo abangaphansi kwegunya. I-anarchist igcizelela *inkululeko, *ubulungisa kanye *nenhlalakahle yomuntu ivela embonweni omuhle wemvelo yomuntu. Ngokuvamile abantu babhekwa njengabakwazi ukuzilawula ngendlela enokuthula, ukubambisana nephumelelayo.

Igama elithi anarchism kanye nomsuka we-anarchism

Igama elithi anarchism livela kwelesiGreek elithi ἄναρχος, anarchos, okusho ukuthi "ngaphandle kwababusi", "ngaphandle kwama-archons". Kukhona ukungaqondakali ekusetshenzisweni kwegama elithi "libertarian" nelithi "libertarian" emibhalweni ye-anarchism. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1890 eFrance, igama elithi "libertarianism" lalivame ukusetshenziswa njengegama elifanayo le-anarchism, futhi lalisetshenziswa cishe kulowo mqondo kuphela kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-1950 e-United States; ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengegama elifanayo kusavamile ngaphandle kwe-United States.

Kuze kube sekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalolunye

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba i-anarchism ibe umbono ohlukile, abantu babehlala emiphakathini engenahulumeni izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Kwaba ngemva kokuvela kwemiphakathi ye-hierarchical lapho imibono ye-anarchist yakhiwa njengempendulo ebucayi kanye nokwenqatshwa kwezikhungo zezombangazwe eziphoqelela kanye nobudlelwane bomphakathi obuphezulu.

I-Anarchism njengoba iqondwa namuhla isuka emcabangweni wepolitiki wezwe wokuKhanyiswa, ikakhulukazi ezingxoxweni zikaRousseau mayelana nengqikithi yokuziphatha yenkululeko. Igama elithi "anarchist" ekuqaleni lalisetshenziswa njengegama eliyinhlamba, kodwa ngesikhathi seNguquko yesiFulentshi amanye amaqembu afana nama-Enrages aqala ukusebenzisa leli gama ngomqondo omuhle. Kwakukuleso simo sezombangazwe lapho uWilliam Godwin athuthukisa khona ifilosofi, abaningi abayibheka njengewukubonakaliswa kokuqala komcabango wanamuhla. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, igama lesiNgisi elithi "anarchism" lase lilahlekelwe umqondo walo wokuqala ongemuhle.

NgokukaPeter Kropotkin, uWilliam Godwin, encwadini yakhe ethi A Study in Political Justice (1973), waba ngowokuqala ukusungula imiqondo yezombangazwe nezomnotho ye-anarchism, nakuba engazange alinike lelo gama emibonweni eyakhiwe encwadini yakhe. Ethonywe kakhulu imizwa yeNguquko YaseFrance, uGodwin wathi njengoba umuntu engumuntu onengqondo, akufanele avinjwe ekusebenziseni isizathu sakhe esimsulwa. Njengoba zonke izinhlobo zohulumeni zingenangqondo futhi ngenxa yalokho zinonya, kumelwe zishaqwe.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

UPierre-Joseph Proudhon ungowokuqala ukuzibiza nge-anarchist, ilebula alamukela encwadini yakhe yango-1840 ethi What is Property? Kungalesi sizathu uProudhon abanye bamncoma njengomsunguli wethiyori yesimanje ye-anarchist. Wakha inkolelo-mbono yokuhleleka okuzenzakalelayo emphakathini, ngokusho ukuthi izinhlangano zivela ngaphandle kwanoma yiliphi igunya eliphakathi, "isiphithiphithi esihle", lapho ukuhleleka kuvela eqinisweni lokuthi umuntu ngamunye wenza lokho akufunayo, futhi kuphela lokho akufunayo. , futhi kuphi kuphela ukuhwebelana kwebhizinisi kudala ukuhleleka komphakathi. Wayebheka i-anarchism njengohlobo lukahulumeni lapho ukwazi umphakathi nokwangasese, okulolongwa ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nomthetho, kukodwa kwanele ukugcina ukuhleleka nokuqinisekisa yonke inkululeko. Ngenxa yalokho, kunciphisa izikhungo zamaphoyisa, izindlela zokuvimbela kanye nengcindezelo, i-bureaucracy, intela, njll.

I-Anarchism njengenhlangano yezenhlalakahle

Okokuqala International

EYurophu, ukusabela okubukhali kwalandela izinguquko zango-1848. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, ngo-1864, i-International Workers' Association, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-First International," yahlanganisa ndawonye ama-revolutionary currents ahlukahlukene aseYurophu, kuhlanganise nabalandeli base-French Proudhon, ama-Blanquist, izinyunyana zamaNgisi zabasebenzi, ama-socialists, kanye namademokhrasi ezenhlalakahle. Ngokuxhumana kwayo nezinhlangano ezisebenzayo, i-International yaba inhlangano ebalulekile. U-Karl Marx waba umuntu ohamba phambili we-International kanye nelungu loMkhandlu Jikelele wawo. Abalandeli bakaProudhon, amaMutualists, baphikisana nesocialism yezwe likaMarx, bevikela ukungazinaki kwezepolitiki kanye nobunikazi obuncane. Ngo-1868, ngemva kokubamba iqhaza okungaphumelelanga ku-League of Peace and Freedom (LPF), umguquki waseRussia uMikhail Bakunin kanye nabalingani bakhe beqoqo elihlangene bajoyina i-First International (eyanquma ukungazihlanganisi ne-LPF). Bahlangana nezigaba ze-federalist socialist ze-International, ezazikhuthaza ukuketulwa kombuso kanye nokuqoqwa kwempahla. Ekuqaleni, amaqoqo asebenzisana nama-Marxists ukusunduza i-First International ngendlela eguquguqukayo yezenhlalakahle. Kamuva, i-International yahlukaniswa yaba amakamu amabili, eholwa nguMarx noBakunin. Ngo-1872 ukungqubuzana kwafinyelela isiphetho ngokuhlukana kokugcina phakathi kwamaqembu amabili e-Hague Congress, lapho u-Bakunin no-James Guillaume baxoshwa e-International futhi indlunkulu yayo yathuthelwa eNew York. Ukuphendula, izigaba ze-federalist zakha ezazo zamazwe ngamazwe engqungqutheleni yaseSaint-Imier, zamukela uhlelo lwe-anarchist oluguquguqukayo.

I-Anarchism kanye nabasebenzi abahlelekile

Izigaba ezimelene nokugunyazwa kwe-First International zazingabandulela ama-anarcho-syndicalists, ababefuna "ukushintsha ilungelo negunya lombuso" "ngenhlangano yabasebenzi ekhululekile futhi ezenzakalelayo."

I-Confederation Generale du Travail (General Confederation of Labor, CGT), eyakhiwa eFrance ngo-1985, yaba inhlangano yokuqala enkulu ye-anarcho-syndicalist, kodwa yandulelwa yiSpanish Workers' Federation ngo-1881. Inhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke ye-anarchist namuhla iseSpain, ngendlela ye-CGT kanye ne-CNT (iNhlangano Kazwelonke Yezabasebenzi). Eminye iminyakazo yama-syndicalist esebenzayo ihlanganisa i-US Workers Solidarity Alliance kanye ne-UK Solidarity Federation.

I-Anarchism kanye ne-Russian Revolution

Ama-Anarchist ahlanganyela namaBolshevik kukho kokubili iNguquko kaFebruwari no-Okthoba futhi ekuqaleni ayenentshiseko ngeNguquko yamaBolshevik. Kodwa-ke, amaBolshevik ngokushesha aphendukela ama-anarchists kanye nabanye abaphikisi besokunxele, ingxabano eyafinyelela umvuthwandaba ekuvukeleni kwaseKronstadt ngo-1921, okwachithwa uhulumeni omusha. Ama-Anarchist enkabeni yeRussia ayeboshwe noma aqhutshwe ngaphansi komhlaba, noma ajoyine amaBolshevik anqobayo; ama-anarchists avela ePetrograd naseMoscow abalekela e-Ukraine. Lapho, e-Free Territory, balwa impi yombango nabaMhlophe (iqembu lamakhosi kanye nabanye ababemelene neNguquko ka-October), kwase kuba amaBolshevik njengengxenye ye-Revolutionary Insurgery Army yase-Ukraine, eyayiholwa uNestor Makhno, udale umphakathi we-anarchist esifundeni izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Abadingisiwe baseMelika, u-Emma Goldman no-Alexander Berkman, babephakathi kwalabo abakhankasela ukuphendula imigomo yamaBolshevik kanye nokucindezelwa kokuvukela kwaseKronstadt ngaphambi kokuba balishiye iRussia. Bobabili babhala ukulandisa kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo eRussia, begxeka izinga lokulawula elalisetshenziswa amaBolshevik. Kubo, izibikezelo zikaBakunin mayelana nemiphumela yokubusa kukaMarxist, ukuthi ababusi bombuso omusha "we-socialist" we-Marxist babeyoba i-elite entsha, kwabonakala kuyiqiniso kakhulu.

I-Anarchism ngekhulu lama-20

Ngawo-1920 kanye nawo-1930s, ukwanda kwe-fascism eYurophu kwaguqula ukungqubuzana kwe-anarchism nombuso. I-Italy yabona ukungqubuzana kokuqala phakathi kwama-anarchists nama-fascists. Ama-anarchist ase-Italy abambe iqhaza elikhulu enhlanganweni emelene nobufascist ye-Arditi del Popolo, eyayiqine kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamasiko e-anarchist, futhi yazuza impumelelo ethile emisebenzini yabo, njengokuphikisa ama-Blackshirts endaweni eyinqaba ye-anarchist yaseParma ngo-August 1922. I-anarchist uLuigi Fabbri wayengomunye wemibono yokuqala ebucayi ye-fascism, eyibiza ngokuthi "i-preventive counter-revolution". E-France, lapho amaqembu afanele kakhulu ayeseduze nokuvukela phakathi nezibhelu zika-February 1934, ama-anarchists ahlukana phakathi kwenqubomgomo ye-united front.

E-Spain, i-CNT yaqale yenqaba ukujoyina umfelandawonye wokhetho we-Popular Front, futhi ukugodla kubasekeli be-CNT kwaholela ekunqobeni okhethweni lwelungelo. Kodwa ngo-1936 i-CNT yashintsha inqubomgomo yayo, futhi amazwi e-anarchist asiza i-Popular Front ukuthi ibuyele emandleni. Ezinyangeni kamuva, iqembu elibusayo langaphambili lasabela ngokuzama ukuketula umbuso okwasusa iMpi Yombango YaseSpain (1936-1939). Ukusabela ekuvukeleni kwamasosha, inhlangano ephefumulelwe yi-anarchist yabalimi nabasebenzi, isekelwa amasosha ahlomile, yathatha izintambo zokulawula i-Barcelona kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zasemaphandleni aseSpain, lapho baqoqa khona umhlaba. Kodwa ngisho nangaphambi kokunqoba kwamaNazi ngo-1939, ama-anarchist ayelahlekelwa isisekelo emzabalazweni onzima nama-Stalinst, ayelawula ukwabiwa kosizo lwezempi embusweni weRiphabhulikhi evela eSoviet Union. Amasosha aholwa nguStalinist acindezela amaqoqo futhi ashushisa ama-Marxists aphikisayo kanye nama-anarchists ngokufanayo. Ama-Anarchist eFrance nase-Italy abambe iqhaza ngenkuthalo ku-Resistance phakathi neMpi Yezwe II.

Nakuba ama-anarchist ayesebenza kwezombusazwe eSpain, e-Italy, eBelgium naseFrance, ikakhulukazi ngawo-1870, naseSpain phakathi neMpi Yombango YaseSpain, futhi nakuba ama-anarchists akha umfelandawonye we-anarcho-syndicalist e-United States ngo-1905, kwakungekho neyodwa. okubalulekile, imiphakathi yama-anarchist ephumelelayo yanoma ibuphi usayizi. I-Anarchism yathola ukuvuselelwa ngeminyaka yawo-1960 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970 emsebenzini wabasekeli abanjengoPaul Goodman (1911-72), mhlawumbe owaziwa kakhulu ngemibhalo yakhe ngezemfundo, kanye noDaniel Guérin (1904-88), owakha uhlobo lwe-anarchism lwama-communitarian yakhela phezu kwe-anarcho-syndicalism yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, manje engasenamsebenzi kodwa eyeqayo.

Izinkinga ku-anarchism

Izinjongo nezindlela

Ngokuvamile, ama-anarchists athanda isenzo esiqondile futhi aphikisana nokuvota okhethweni. Iningi lama-anarchists likholelwa ukuthi ushintsho lwangempela alunakwenzeka ngokuvota. Isenzo esiqondile singaba nodlame noma singabi nodlame. Abanye abashisekeli be-anarchist ababheki ukucekelwa phansi kwempahla njengesenzo sobudlova.

Ubunxiwankulu

Iningi lamasiko ama-anarchist liyawenqaba ubunxiwankulu (ababubona njengobugunyazayo, obuphoqelelayo, nobuxhaphazayo) kanye nombuso. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuyeka ukusebenza kwamaholo, ubudlelwano bomqashi nomsebenzi, ukuba ngogunyazayo; kanye nempahla yangasese, ngokufanayo njengomqondo wokugunyazwa.

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke

Wonke ama-anarchists aphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwempoqo ehambisana nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, olwenziwa ngezikhungo ezifana ne-World Bank, i-World Trade Organization, i-G8 kanye ne-World Economic Forum. Amanye ama-anarchist abona ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwe-neoliberal ekuphoqweni okunjalo.

Ubukhomanisi

Izikole eziningi ze-anarchism ziwubonile umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-libertarian kanye ne-authoitarian of communism.

intando yeningi

Kuma-anarchists azimele, uhlelo lwentando yeningi yezinqumo luthathwa njengelungavumelekile. Noma yikuphi ukugxambukela emalungelweni emvelo omuntu akulungile futhi kuwuphawu lokucindezela kweningi.

Ubulili

I-Anarcha-feminism cishe ibona i-patriarchy njengengxenye kanye nophawu lwezinhlelo ezixhumene zengcindezelo.

Ubuhlanga

I-anarchism emnyama iphikisana nokuba khona kombuso, i-capitalism, ukuzithoba kanye nokubusa kwabantu bomdabu wase-Afrika, futhi ikhuthaza inhlangano engakhethi yezikhundla zomphakathi.

inkolo

I-Anarchism ngokwesiko ibilokhu iyingabaza futhi iphikisana nenkolo ehleliwe.

incazelo ye-anarchism

I-Anarcho-syndicalism