I-Subculture Theory - I-Subculture Theory

Ithiyori ye-Subcultural iphakamisa ukuthi abantu abahlala ezindaweni zasemadolobheni bayakwazi ukuthola izindlela zokudala umuzwa womphakathi naphezu kokuhlukaniswa okukhona kanye nokungaziwa.

Ithiyori yokuqala ye-subculture yayihilela ama-theorists ahlukahlukene ahlotshaniswa nalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Chicago School. Ithiyori ye-Subcultural yavela emsebenzini weSikole SaseChicago mayelana namaqembu ezigebengu futhi yathuthukiswa ngeSikole Sokusebenzisana Kwezimpawu zaba iqoqo lemibono ethi amaqembu athile noma ama-subcultures emphakathini anamagugu nezimo zengqondo ezikhuthaza ubugebengu nobudlova. Umsebenzi ohlotshaniswa ne-Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies eNyuvesi yaseBirmingham (CCCS) uye waba nesibopho esikhulu sokuhlobanisa i-subculture namaqembu asekelwe kuzitayela zokubukisa (ama-teds, ama-mods, ama-punk, izikhumba, abagibeli bezithuthuthu, njalonjalo).

I-Subculture Theory: I-Chicago School of Sociology

Ukuqala kwethiyori ye-subcultural kuhilela ama-theorists ahlukahlukene ahlotshaniswa nalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi isikole saseChicago. Nakuba ukugcizelelwa kwamathiyori kwehluka, isikole saziwa kakhulu ngomqondo wama-subcultures njengamaqembu ahlubukayo ukuvela kwawo okuhlotshaniswa "nokusebenzelana kombono wabantu ngabo nemibono yabanye ngabo." Lokhu mhlawumbe kufingqiwe kangcono esethulweni sethiyori sika-Albert Cohen ku-Delinquent Boys (1955). Ku-Cohen, ama-subcultures ayehlanganisa abantu abaxazulule ngokuhlanganyela izinkinga zesimo senhlalo ngokwakha izindinganiso ezintsha ezenza izici ababelane ngazo zifaneleke isimo.

Ukuthola isikhundla phakathi kwe-subculture kuhlanganisa ukulebula futhi yingakho ukukhishwa emphakathini wonke, lapho iqembu lasabela ngenzondo yalo kubantu bangaphandle, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lapho ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nemikhuba ebusayo kuvame ukuba yinhle. Njengoba i-subculture iba namandla kakhulu, ihluke, futhi izimele, amalungu ayo aya ngokuya encika komunye nomunye ukuze axhumane nomphakathi kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwezinkolelo zawo nendlela yokuphila.

Izindikimba zokulebula nokungathandwa kwamasiko omphakathi "ojwayelekile" nazo zigqanyiswe emsebenzini kaHoward Becker, okuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ophawuleka ngokugcizelela kwawo imingcele edonswa abaculi be-jazz phakathi kwabo namagugu abo "njengemfashini" futhi izethameli zabo "njengezikwele". Umbono wokwanda kokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwe-subculture kanye nawo wonke umphakathi ngenxa yokulebula kwangaphandle wathuthukiswa futhi maqondana nemilutha yezidakamizwa eBrithani nguJock Young (1971) futhi maqondana nokwethuka kokuziphatha emithonjeni yezindaba ezungeze ama-mods nama-rocker by. UStan. Cohen. Ku-Cohen, izithombe ezingezinhle ezivamile zama-subcultures kwabezindaba zombili zaqinisa amanani avelele futhi zakha uhlobo lwesikhathi esizayo lwamaqembu anjalo.

UFrederick M. Thrasher (1892-1962) wayeyisazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu eNyuvesi yaseChicago.

Wafunda ngokuhlelekile amaqembu ezigebengu, ehlaziya imisebenzi nokuziphatha kwamaqembu. Uchaze amaqembu ezigebengu ngohlelo ahamba kulo ukuze akhe iqembu.

E. Franklin Frazier - (1894-1962), isazi sezenhlalakahle saseMelika, usihlalo wokuqala wase-Afrika-waseMelika eNyuvesi yaseChicago.

Ezigabeni zokuqala zeSikole SaseChicago kanye nezifundo zabo ze-ecology yabantu, elinye lamathuluzi abalulekile kwakuwumqondo wokungahleleki, obambe iqhaza ekuveleni kwesigaba esiphansi.

U-Albert K. Cohen (1918–) - isazi sobugebengu esivelele saseMelika.

Waziwa ngethiyori yakhe engaphansi kwesiko lamaqembu ezigebengu zasemadolobheni, okuhlanganisa nencwadi yakhe enethonya ethi Delinquent Boys: Gang Culture. U-Cohen akazange abheke isigebengu esigxile kwezomnotho, kodwa wabheka i-delinquency subculture, egxile ebugebengwini bamaqembu ezigelekeqe phakathi kwentsha yabasebenzi ezindaweni zasemijondolo eyathuthukisa isiko elithile ngenxa yokushoda kwabo okucatshangelwayo kwamathuba ezomnotho nawenhlalo emphakathini wase-U.S.

URichard Cloward (1926-2001), isazi sezenhlalo saseMelika kanye ne-philanthropist.

ULloyd Olin (1918-2008) wayengusosayensi wezokuhlalisana kwabantu waseMelika kanye nesazi sobugebengu esasifundisa eHarvard Law School, Columbia University, naseNyuvesi yaseChicago.

URichard Cloward noLloyd Olin babhekise ku-R.K. Merton, ethatha isinyathelo esisodwa ngokuqhubekayo endleleni i-subculture "yayifana" emandleni ayo: i-subculture yobugebengu yayinemithetho kanye nezinga elifanayo. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, bekuyi-“Illegitimate Possibility Structure”, ehambisanayo, kodwa kuseyi-polarization esemthethweni.

Walter Miller, David Matza, Phil Cohen.

Ithiyori ye-Subculture: Isikhungo seNyuvesi yaseBirmingham Yezifundo Zamasiko Esimanje (CCCS)

Isikole sase-Birmingham, ngokombono we-neo-Marxist, sabona ama-subcultures njengezindaba ezihlukene zesimo, kodwa njengesibonakaliso sesimo sabantu abasha, ikakhulukazi abavela esigabeni sabasebenzi, ngokuphathelene nezimo ezithile zomphakathi ze-Great Britain ngeminyaka yawo-1960. kanye nawo-1970. Kuphikiswana ngokuthi ama-subcultures entsha ahlaba umxhwele asebenze ukuxazulula isimo esingqubuzanayo senhlalo yabantu abasha besigaba sabasebenzi phakathi kwezindinganiso zendabuko zesigaba sabasebenzi "isiko lomzali" kanye nesiko lesimanje le-hegemonic lokusebenzisa abantu abaningi elibuswa abezindaba nezohwebo.

Abagxeki beSikole saseChicago kanye neBirmingham School of Subculture Theory

Kuningi ukugxeka okushiwo kahle kweChicago School kanye neBirmingham School izindlela zokuthiyori ye-subculture. Okokuqala, ngokugcizelela kwabo ithiyori ekuxazululeni izinkinga zesimo esimweni esisodwa kanye nokumelana nesakhiwo okungokomfanekiso kwesinye, zombili lezi zithethe zimela ukuphikiswa okulula ngokweqile phakathi kwe-subculture nesiko elibusayo. Izici ezifana nokuhlukahluka kwangaphakathi, ukugqagqana kwangaphandle, ukunyakaza ngakunye phakathi kwama-subcultures, ukungazinzi kwamaqembu ngokwawo, kanye nenani elikhulu lama-hangers-on angenasithakazelo awanakwa uma kuqhathaniswa. Nakuba u-Albert Cohen ephakamisa ukuthi ama-subcultures abhekana nezinkinga zesimo ezifanayo kuwo wonke amalungu, ososayensi be-Birmingham baphakamisa ukuba khona kwezincazelo eziyingqayizivele, ezihlanekezelayo zezitayela zamasiko angaphansi ezigcina zibonisa isikhundla samalungu ekilasi esabelwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokuthambekela kokucabanga, ngaphandle kwemininingwane noma ubufakazi, ukuthi ama-subcultures ngandlela thize avela enanini elikhulu labantu abahlukene ngasikhathi sinye futhi besabela ngokuzenzakalelayo ngendlela efanayo ezimweni zenhlalo ezibaluliwe. U-Albert Cohen uveza ngokungananazi ukuthi inqubo "yokukhangana" kwabantu abanganelisekile kanye "nokusebenzelana kwabo okuphumelelayo komunye nomunye" kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwama-subcultures.

Ubudlelwano bemidiya nezohwebo nge-subculture kanye nethiyori ye-subculture

Ukuthambekela kokubeka abezindaba nokuhweba ngokumelene nama-subcultures kuyisici esiyinkinga kakhulu kumathiyori amaningi e-subculture. Umbono wokuhlobana uphakamisa ukuthi abezindaba nezohwebo zibandakanyeka ngokuqaphela ekukhangiseni kwezitayela zamasiko angaphansi kuphela ngemva kokuba sezisungulwe isikhathi eside. Ngokuka-Jock Young kanye no-Stan Cohen, indima yabo ukulebula ngokungenhloso futhi baqinise ama-subculture akhona. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwa-Hebdige, izinsiza zansuku zonke zihlinzeka ngezinto ezingavuthiwe zokuguqula isiko elingaphansi. Umbono wokuhlangana uphakamisa ukuthi abezindaba nezohwebo bazibandakanya kuphela ekukhangiseni kwezitayela zamasiko angaphansi kwempucuko ngemva kokuba sezisungulwe isikhashana, futhi u-Hebdige ugcizelela ukuthi lokhu kubandakanyeka empeleni kusho ukufa kwama-subcultures. Ngokuphambene, i-Thornton iphakamisa ukuthi ama-subcultures angafaka izinhlobo eziningi ezinhle nezimbi zokubandakanyeka kwabezindaba ngokuqondile kusukela ekuqaleni.

Izinkomba ezine ze-subcultural substance

Imibandela emine ye-subculture eyinkomba: ubunikazi, ukuzibophezela, ubunikazi obungaguquki, nokuzimela.

Ithiyori ye-Subculture: Ubunikazi obuqhubekayo

Kungaba ukuhlanganisa ngokweqile ukufuna ukususa ngokuphelele imiqondo yokumelana okungokomfanekiso, i-homology, kanye nokuxazululwa okuhlangene kokungqubuzana kwesakhiwo ekuhlaziyeni isiko labantu abaningi. Kodwa-ke, asikho kulezi zici okufanele sithathwe njengesici esibalulekile esichazayo segama elithi subculture. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, imisebenzi, izincazelo, kanye nezimpawu zokubandakanyeka kwamasiko angaphansi kungahluka phakathi kwabahlanganyeli futhi kubonise izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokukhetha kwamasiko nokuziqondanela, kunokuba impendulo evamile ezenzakalelayo ezimeni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi abukho ubunjalo noma ukungaguquguquki ezitayela namagugu amaqoqo esimanje, noma ukuthi, uma zikhona, izici ezinjalo azibalulekile emphakathini. Nakuba samukela ukufaneleka kwezinga elithile lokuhlukahluka kwangaphakathi kanye noshintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isilinganiso sokuqala sento engaphansi kwesiko sihlanganisa ukuba khona kwesethi yokuthandwa okwabiwe namagugu ahluke kwamanye amaqembu futhi angaguquguquki ngokwanele ukusuka komunye omunye. ngokulandelayo, indawo eyodwa kwenye futhi unyaka kuye komunye.

Ubuntu

Inkomba yesibili yezinto ezingaphansi kwamasiko ihlose ukubhekana nalolu daba ngokugxila ezingeni ababambiqhaza abanamathela ngalo embonweni wokuthi bahileleke eqenjini elihlukile lamasiko futhi babelane ngomqondo wobunikazi komunye nomunye. Ukushiya eceleni ukubaluleka kokuhlola ukuhlonza okuhambisanayo kude, umuzwa ocacile nohlala njalo wokuzicabangela weqembu wona ngokwawo uqala ukusungula iqembu njengento enkulu kunesikhathi eside.

Ukuzibophezela

Kuphinde kuphakanyiswe ukuthi ama-subcultures angaba nomthelela omkhulu ezimpilweni zansuku zonke zabahlanganyeli ekuzijwayezeni, nokuthi kaningi kunalokho, lokhu kuhlanganyela okugxilile kuzohlala iminyaka kunezinyanga. Ngokuya ngohlobo lweqembu okukhulunywa ngalo, ama-subcultures angenza ingxenye enkulu yesikhathi sokungcebeleka, amaphethini obungani, izindlela zokuhweba, ukuqoqwa kwemikhiqizo, imikhuba yenkundla yezokuxhumana, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi.

Ukuzimela

Inkomba yokugcina ye-subculture ukuthi leli qembu okukhulunywa ngalo, nakuba lixhumene ngokungenakugwenywa emphakathini kanye nohlelo lwezombangazwe nomnotho oluyingxenye yalo, ligcina izinga eliphezulu lokuzimela. Ikakhulukazi, ingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqiza noma umsebenzi wenhlangano engaphansi kwayo ingenziwa futhi yenziwe ngabashisekeli. Ukwengeza, kwezinye izimo, imisebenzi yokwenza inzuzo izokwenzeka kanye nemisebenzi ebanzi ye-semi-commercial kanye neyokuzithandela, ekhombisa izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokuzibandakanya kwangaphakathi emazingeni aphansi ekukhiqizweni kwamasiko.

Inyuvesi yaseBirmingham

Chicago School of Sociology