uBhali

Lo nkulunkulu wayekhulekelwa emiphakathini eminingi yaseMpumalanga Eseduze yasendulo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaKhanani, okubonakala sengathi ayemenze unkulunkulu wenzalo. Itemu lamaSemite inani (ngesiHeberu, inani ) lalisho "umnini" noma "inkosi", nakuba lingasetshenziswa ngomqondo ojwayelekile: isibonelo, onamaphiko uBhali wayeyisidalwa esinamaphiko, futhi esebuningini yigugu imicibisholo kwakusho abacibishelayo. Ithemu inani futhi kwaba kubaluliweunkulunkulu onegama elehlukile. Ukunemba okunjalo ekusetshenzisweni kwaleli gama, nokho, akuzange kumvimbe ekunamatheleni kunkulunkulu othile: wabe eseqoka unkulunkulu wenzalo wendawo yonke, okwathi kule misebenzi wayenesiqu esithi INkosana-iNkosi Yomhlaba, futhi. futhi umnikazi wemvula namazolo, izinhlobo ezimbili zomswakama ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokuzala eKhanani. Ngesi-Ugarit nesiHebheru seTestamente Elidala, uBhali wayebizwa ngokuthi unkulunkulu wesiphepho ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Lowo ogibela amafu." NgesiFenike wayebizwa ngokuthi uBaal-Shamen (ngesi-Aramu - uBaal-Shamin), unkulunkulu wezulu.

Ubunjalo nemisebenzi kaBhali yaziwa yithi ikakhulukazi ezibhebheni eziningi ezatholwa kusukela ngo-1929 e-Ugarit (iRas Shamra yesimanje) enyakatho yeSyria futhi zaqala maphakathi ne-~ II. ^{ikhulu leminyaka.}inkulungwane yeminyaka. Lezi zibhebhe, nakuba zihlobene eduze nokukhulekela uBhali wendawo ethempelini lakhe, cishe zimelela inkolelo evamile yaseKhanani. Imijikelezo yokuzala bekufanele ithathe iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Ezinganekwaneni zaseKhanani, uBhali, unkulunkulu wokuphila nenzalo, wagwetshwa ukufa kanye noMot, unkulunkulu wempi nokuzala. Uma uBhali enqoba, kuyoba nomjikelezo weminyaka eyisikhombisa wokuzala; kodwa, uma ehlulwa, izwe lakhungethwe iminyaka eyisikhombisa yesomiso nendlala. Imibhalo yesi-Ugarit iveza ezinye izici zokuzala kukaBhali, njengobuhlobo bakhe no-Anat, udadewabo nomkakhe, nokuzala kwakhe okuwumphumela wokuhlangana kwethole leduna laphezulu nethokazi. Lapho uBali edlala le ndima ngalezi zindlela ezihlukahlukene,

Kodwa uBhali wayengeyena unkulunkulu wenzalo kuphela. Futhi wayeyinkosi yonkulunkulu, indima achazwa ngayo njengohlwitha amandla kaNkulunkulu ku-Yamma, unkulunkulu wolwandle. Izinganekwane nazo zikhuluma ngempi alwa kuyo ukuze athole isigodlo esihle njengesabanye onkulunkulu: uqinisekisa uAshera ukuba akhulume nomyeni wakhe u-El, unkulunkulu ophakeme wobunkulunkulu, ukuba agunyaze ukwakhiwa kwesigodlo; Unkulunkulu wezobuciko nobuchwepheshe, uKotar, uzothatha izintambo zokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esihle endaweni engamahektha angu-4000 ukuya kuBhali. Le nganekwane ingase ihlobene nokwakhiwa kweThempeli likaBhali edolobheni lase-Ugariti; eduze kwaleli thempeli kwakukhona ithempeli likaDagoni, okungukuthi, ngokwezibhebhe, kwakufanele kube nguyise kaBhali.

C ~ XIV - ^th emakhulwini eminyaka, ukukhulekelwa kukaBhali kwakudlangile eGibhithe; futhi ngaphansi kwethonya ama-Aramu owaboleka isipelingi saseBabiloni segama elithi (Bel), unkulunkulu kamuva waziwa ngegama lesiGreki elithi Belos, wabe esehlanganiswa noZeus.

Amanye amaqembu ayekhulekela uBhali njengonkulunkulu wendawo. ITestamente Elidala livame ukukhuluma ngoBhali endaweni ethile noma ngoBhali ebuningini, okubonisa ukuthi onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene bendawo noma "ababusi" abavela ezindaweni ezahlukene babekhona ngaphansi kwaleli gama. Akwaziwa ukuthi amaKhanani ayebabheka njengabafanayo noma abehlukile yini laboBhali, kodwa akubonakali ukuthi inkolo kaBhali yase-Ugariti yayilinganiselwe emzini owodwa; futhi ngokungangabazeki neminye imiphakathi yayimnikeza ubukhosi bendawo yonke.

Ukubhekisela kuBhali ekuqaleni komlando wakwa-Israyeli akubonisi ngempela ukuhlubuka noma ngisho nokuvumelana kwaleso sizwe. Umahluleli uGideyoni wayebizwa nangokuthi uJerubali (AbaHluleli, VI , 32), futhi iNkosi uSawule yaba nendodana egama layo lingu-Ishbhali (I I-STEAM ., VIII , 33). Phakathi kwamaJuda, elithi “Bali” lalifanekisela unkulunkulu wakwa-Israyeli ngendlela efanayo nasenyakatho leli gama lalibizwa ngalo kuNkulunkulu. Lebanon noma i-Ugarit. Waba yisiqalekiso kumaJuda ngenkathi uJezebeli e ~ YEBO ^й ngekhulu leminyaka, umzamo wokwethula uBali waseFenike wakwa-Israyeli ukuze amelane nenkolo yendawo kaJehova (I AmaKhosi XVIII ). Vuliwe^e  s.), inzondo ngenkolo kaBhali yayinamandla kangangokuthi igama lalivame ukuthathelwa indawo ngamagama ayinkimbinkimbi kanye negama lalo eliyindelelo. boshet (amahloni); ngalokho igama elithi Ishiboshefeyi lathathelwa indawo igama lika-Ishi Bali.