Umbono Wesihogo ku-Dante's Divine Comedy

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka, i-Dante's Divine Comedy ibonwa njengohlobo lwesingathekiso sohambo olunqamula esihogweni emhlabeni, futhi ukwakheka kwayo okunezingxenye ezintathu sekucishe kube uphawu lokuhleleka kwaphezulu. I-aesthetics yokubhala ikhuphule i-Divine Comedy yafika ezingeni. isihloko esingaphelelwa yisikhathi... Njengoba kunikezwe ukucaciswa kwe-biographies yamaqhawe akhe, akunakwenzeka ukufunda umsebenzi ngaphandle kokufanisa nezwe lanamuhla. Ngicabanga ukuthi noma yisiphi isizukulwane esizama ukungena engqikithini yenkondlo kumele sibe nemizwa efanayo. Futhi nakuba sihlukanisiwe ekudalweni komsebenzi amakhulu eminyaka, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umhlaba usushintshe kakhulu, endaweni ethile ekujuleni unomuzwa wokuthi amanani ahlotshaniswa nenkathi ephakathi asekhona esikhathini sethu. Uma uDante engena ngokuzumayo ekhulwini lama-XNUMX ngemva kokushiya ukuphila kwangemva kokufa, wayezothola abantu abafana nalabo ahlangana nabo esihogweni. Ukuthi impucuko yalamuhla yehluke kakhulu kuleyo imbongi eyayiyazi ngokwayo akutsho ukuthi abantu sebengcono. Sazi okwengeziwe, sithuthuka ngokushesha, sakha ubuchwepheshe obusha ... Kodwa umhlaba usabhekene nobuqaba, ukudlwengula, udlame kanye nokuwohloka. Nathi, asibona abafokazi ezonweni ezincane abantu abaphenduka kuzo "Comedy Yaphezulu".

Isenzo "Amahlaya Aphezulu"

Isenzo samahlaya kwenzeka phakathi nempilo yombhali... Uhambo lukaDante lokuya ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa luqala ngobusuku bangoLwesine Olukhulu kuya kuLwesihlanu Oluhle, ngo-April 7, 1300. Isigaba sawo sokuqala sithi "Isihogo". Ukwehla kweqhawe ekubhaceni kungabonakala njengokuzinikela, umzamo esintwini. UDante uya endaweni engaphansi nenkampani Virgil - ubuhlakani basendulo. UVirgil, isithunywa soMusa kaNkulunkulu, ubonakala ngesikhathi esibucayi kulowo ohambela indawo engcwele, emsindisa ekufeni ngokomzimba nangokokuziphatha. Umnika enye indlela, indlela enqamula umhlaba ongaphansi - naye abe ngumhlahlandlela. UVirgil, umhedeni owazalwa ngaphambi kukaKristu, akakwazi ukungena ezulwini. Naye akakwazi ukuphunyuka aphume ePreada. Ngakho-ke, ohambweni lwakhe lwakamuva, uhamba noDante. Beatrice... Ukuzulazula emibusweni emithathu engaphandle komhlaba kuzophulukisa umphefumulo wembongi futhi kuyenze ifanelekele ukwembulela lokho uNkulunkulu akumisile ukuze kusindiswe sonke isintu. Ekugcineni, uVirgil ungumoya “owazi konke,” uBeatrice naye ungumphefumulo osindisiwe, ngakho konke kwembulwa kuye ngokuzindla ngoNkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, uDante akayedwa kulolu hambo, waphefumulela abeluleki futhi wazibonela umusa okhethekile. Kubukeka kuwuphawu lokuthi wakhethwa njengomhlahlandlela ongokomoya womhlaba wonke ngaleso sikhathi futhi ngokunokwenzeka kuzo zonke izizukulwane ezizayo. Ngakho, okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa kungafundisa isintu indlela yokuphila ngesithunzi bese sigcina sisezulwini.

Amahlaya Aphezulu iqukethe izingxenye ezintathuihambisana nemihlaba emithathu - ukhona Isihogo, Isihlanzo neZulu... Ingxenye ngayinye inezingoma ezintathu kanye nengoma yesethulo yenkondlo yonke - isamba esiyikhulu. Isihogo (ifaneli ebanzi enkabeni yomhlaba) ihlukaniswe yaba ama-vertebrae ayishumi kanye ne-atria... Umbuso uhlukaniswe izingxenye eziningi Isihlanzo - intaba ephakeme, ephakeme phakathi nolwandle eNingizimu Nenkabazwe, futhi uphezulu Ipharadesi lasemhlabeni, okungukuthi, amazulu ayishumi (ngokwesimiso sikaPtolemy) kanye ne-Empyrum. Izoni zihlanganyela esihogweni kuye ngokuthi zinecala yini ngokungakwazi ukuzithiba umchamo, ukudlwengula, noma ukukopela. Labo abaphendukayo eSihlanzweni bahlukanisa kuye ngokuthi uthando lwabo luhle noma lubi. Imimoya yePharadesi ihlukaniswe yaba yizinto ezisebenzayo nezicabangelayo, kuye ngokuthi ukuhlobana kwayo kwasemhlabeni kuye kwalufiphaza yini uthando lwayo ngoNkulunkulu noma ukuthi lolu thando lwachuma yini ekuphileni okumatasa noma kokuzindla.

Konke kucatshangelwa ngokunemba okukhulu: kuzo zonke izingxenye ezintathu kukhona cishe inombolo efanayo yemigqa, ngamunye ophela ngegama elithi "asterisk". Kufana nefilosofi ekahle yokuphila, eyakha umhlaba ngezimiso ezinengqondo. Pho kungani bebaningi kangaka abantu ababi kule ndawo? Ngokunokwenzeka, lokhu kungenxa yengqikithi yesintu kanye neqhaza elikhethekile lalezi zikhungo emibonweni yobuKristu.

Isihogo Umbono - imibuthano

Lahla lonke ithemba, wena ongenayo [lapha].

Isihogo sidlulela ngaphansi komhlaba. Isango eliholela kuso, ngemuva okuyiSihogo Sangaphambi Kwesihogo, esihlukaniswe nesiHogo ngasohlangothini loMfula i-Acheron. Imiphefumulo yabafileyo idluliselwa kolunye uhlangothi nguCharon. Imbongi ihlanganisa ngokukhululeka izihloko zebhayibheli nezezinganekwane zibe ziphelele. Ngakho, sithola esihogweni imifula efana Acheron, Styx, Phlegeton futhi Cocytus. Ukubusa esihogweni kusetshenziswa iMinos, Charon, Cerberus, Pluto, Flagia, Fury, Medusa, Minotaur, Centaurs, Harpies nezinye izilo eziseBhayibhelini, kanye noLucifer kanye nenqwaba yamademoni, izinja, izinyoka, amadragons, njll. Isihogo ngokwaso sihlukaniswe isihogo esingenhla nesingezansi.... Iphinde ihlukaniswe yaba yimibuthano (cer chi), eziyisithupha zazo ezisesihogweni esiphezulu.

Umbuthano wokuqala

Umbuthano wokuqala, obizwa ngokuthi i-Limbo, uqukethe imiphefumulo yabantu abakhulu. Njengoba babengabhapathiziwe, babengenakukwazi ukuya ezulwini.

Umbuthano wesibili

Umbuthano wesibili, ogadwe uMinos, uyindawo yokuphenduka yalabo abangakwazi ukulawula inkanuko.

Imibuthano yesithathu, yesine neyesihlanu

Endingilizini yesithathu uDante ubeke izoni ezinecala lokuminza, okwesine - amaxhwanguxhwangu nabathengisi, kanti kowesihlanu - engalawuleki ngokuthukuthela.

Isiyingi sesithupha

Umbuthano wesithupha uvezwa njengedolobha. Lona umuzi kaSathane, okungena kuwo kugadwe amademoni amabi kakhulu, lapho ngisho noVirgil engenawo amandla. Embuthanweni wesithupha, imiphefumulo yabahlubuki iyaphenduka.

Umbuthano wesikhombisa ukuvulwa kwesihogo esingaphansi.

Umbuthano wesikhombisa uvula iSihogo Esiphansi futhi uhlukaniswe izindawo ezintathu (gironi). Lena indawo yokuhlupheka kwaphakade kulabo abazibulele futhi bephula imithetho yemvelo. Kukhona ababulali, abazibulalayo, abahlambalazayo kanye nabasebenzisa imali ngokufuna imali, beholwa nguMinotaur uqobo.

Isiyingi sesishiyagalombili

Umbuthano wesishiyagalombili uhlukaniswe ngama-bolgi ayishumi. Lena indawo yesijeziso saphakade salabo abasebenzisa kabi ukwethenjwa ngabanye abantu nganoma iyiphi indlela: izimpimpi, abakhohlisi, abakhohlisi, ababikezeli benhlanhla, abakhohlisi, abazenzisi, amasela, abeluleki bamanga, ama-schismatics, abashoshozeli, amambuka, njll.

Isiyingi sesishiyagalolunye

Umbuthano wesishiyagalolunye yindawo lapho izoni ezinkulu zihlushwa khona, lena yindawo ekude kakhulu, isikhungo sesihogo. Kukulo mbuthano lapho kuhlala khona ababulali, amambuka ezweni lakubo, abangani nomndeni. Lena imiphefumulo yabantu abaye bakhaphela abanye ukuphila kwabo konke ukuze kuzuze bona.

Isihogo siwumbuso wobumnyama nokuphelelwa ithemba, lapho ukukhala, ukuthuka, ukuzonda nokukhohlisa. Uhlelo lokujezisa lujwayelaniswa nohlobo lwezono. Kunobumnyama obuqhubekayo, ngezinye izikhathi obuphazanyiswa amalangabi, okuyithuluzi lokujezisa. Iziphepho, izimvula, imimoya, amachibi kwenza umkhathi wale ndawo uhluke. Ongoti bobuhlakani bukaDante kuzo zonke izingxenye ze-"Divine Comedy" bathola ukugxekwa okubukhali kwe-Italy nomphakathi wangaleso sikhathi. Ukwahlulela kukaDante abantu besikhathi sakhe kunonya kodwa akukhethi. Umbono wokungabi namthetho okuholela ekuwohlokeni komphakathi uyabonakala nasesihogweni. Umuzwa wokunengwa namuhla ngokwemvelo uholela imbongi ekuthakaseleni okwedlule. Ngakho, sisuka emimoyeni emikhulu esemphemeni wesihogo, eyathola umusa kaNkulunkulu ngezimfanelo zayo zemvelo, siza kulabo abangcwele abenzele izwe okuhle okuningi. Ngakho-ke, uma uDante esebenzise izifundo zephupho elibi elibi, angaba umholi omuhle nolungile, umbusi, umholi, njll., Uthonya kahle abantu futhi ukwazi ukukhulula okuhle kakhulu kubo.

Abalingisi Bamahlaya Aphezulu

Umthombo obalulekile we-dynamics ku-Divine Comedy yizibalo zomuntu ezaziwa umlobi kusukela emlandweni wasendulo nowesimanje, futhi uDante ngokwakhe ungumuntu ophilayo ongena kuzo ukuze alethe izinkumbulo ekuphileni. Uma umphefumulo wembongi uhlangana neminye imiphefumulo, imizwa iyamila. Emazwini embongi kuzwakala imizwa engqubuzanayo: uzwelo, uthando, uthando lwamakhosi, uzwelo, ukudelela. Ukuba khona komuntu ophilayo phakathi kwemiphefumulo eqalekisiweyo kubenza bakhohlwe ukuhlupheka okwesikhashana futhi bahanjiswe ezweni lezinkumbulo. Sengathi babuyela ezifisweni zakudala. Akuzona zonke izipoki ezazivezwa izoni ezinonya. Abaningi babo bagcina ingcebo yemizwa. Kukhona ngisho izigcawu ezimbi. Imbongi enesandla kukho konke lokhu nayo ithintwa.

Sikweleta le ngcebo yogqozi eSihogweni ochungechungeni lweziqephu (uFrancesca, uFarinata, uPierre della Vigna, u-Ulysses, u-Count Ugolino nabanye) ngamandla anjalo okuvezayo angatholakali ezigcawini ezivela ePurgatory noma ePharadesi. Igalari eyahlukene yabalingiswa abakhohlwa ukuhlupheka kwabo lapho bethintana nembongi ifana nezigcawu zeseshini yokwelashwa kwengqondo. Pho kungani uDante engazange abe isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo, udokotela wengqondo, umelaphi, udokotela, njll.?

Esihogweni, imbongi iphinde yethule umzimba ohloniphekile nohloniphekile, ovaliwe ngokuthula nokugxila. Ubuqotho nokuthula kwakuphelezela umhambi endaweni yokuqala yesihogo. Kwakukhona uHomer, uHorace, u-Ovid, uLucan, uKhesari, uHector, u-Aeneas, u-Aristotle, uSocrates noPlato. Lesi sixuku sanikeza imbongi udumo lokuba ngomunye "wamaqhawe alomhlaba." Isihloko esinikezwe abahlakaniphile bezwe bangaleso sikhathi siwuhlobo lokuvuselela nokukhuthaza impilo yokudala, ulwazi lwezimfihlo zomhlaba, ukuhlangana nabantu nokudala imisebenzi emikhulu yezizukulwane.

ENgomeni Yesihogo Sesihlanu, umbhali ujwayelanisa umfundi nesigaba sesibili sakwalasha wesihogo, lapho imiphefumulo ihlushwa khona ngenxa yezono ezenziwe ngamabomu nangokuzithandela. Kugeleza imimoya engapheli ibheke embongini, kuzwakale ukukhala nokukhala kwabalahlwayo. Abaneshwa baphonswa phezulu yisiphepho esingenasihe, esifanekisela inkanuko ehlukumeza abantu. Umkhulumeli kaDante, u-Franz de Rimini, uphuma esixukwini futhi uxoxa indaba ekhethekile eyenzeka phakathi nezimpi zabazalwane. Imbongi empeleni yafunda indaba emangalisayo ngezithandwa ezinonya eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwayo noGuidon Novel, u-anti wakhe kwakunguFrancisca. UFrancisca wazalwa maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Wayeshadelwe ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe (ukuvimbela impi yomndeni) kumbusi omubi nokhubazekile waseRimini, uGianciotta Malatesta. Nokho, wathandana noPaola, umfowabo omncane womyeni wakhe, owayeseshadile kakade futhi enezingane ezimbili. Ngelinye ilanga, umyeni kaFrancisca wababamba ngenkohliso wababulala bobabili ngokusangana. Leli qiniso labangela ihlazo eRimini. Ukwethulwa kwale ndaba yeqiniso emsebenzini kaDante kuhambisana nokuzindla ngezahlulelo zaphakade zikaNkulunkulu. Umhlangano phakathi kukaFrancesco noPaolo unezici ezimangalisayo. Lesi yisikhathi kuphela lapho imbongi esesihogweni yaquleka khona kanye ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinhlupheko zothando zikaFrancisco noPaolo. Lokhu kuzwela okukhethekile kukaDante kumbeka ezinhlwini zabantu abahlakaniphile, ababalayo, abanozwela nabanomusa. Ngakho, akukho lutho olumvimbela ukuba abe umholi ongokomoya wanoma iyiphi inkolo, inhlangano, isikhungo somthetho, umlamuleli, uthisha, njll. Ngemva kokushiya ukuphila kwangemva kokufa.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kwesihogo kungokomzwelo kangangokuthi kunganikezwa abantu abaningi. Imbongi eyodwa enesizungu ayikwazi ukusizakala ngokugcwele. Nokho, ukuba wayenezimfanelo zomholi nomhleli omuhle, imisebenzi yakhe yayingasiza ekunciphiseni inani lezoni, ababulali, omashiqela, abadlwenguli, abakhwabanisi, njll. Mhlawumbe izwe langeNkathi Ephakathi lalingeke libe mnyama kangako.